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Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( IF 9.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-13 , DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916828117
Theodore K Koenig 1, 2 , Sunil Baidar 1, 2 , Pedro Campuzano-Jost 1, 2 , Carlos A Cuevas 3 , Barbara Dix 1 , Rafael P Fernandez 3, 4 , Hongyu Guo 1, 2 , Samuel R Hall 5 , Douglas Kinnison 5 , Benjamin A Nault 1, 2 , Kirk Ullmann 5 , Jose L Jimenez 1, 2 , Alfonso Saiz-Lopez 3 , Rainer Volkamer 2, 6
Affiliation  

Oceanic emissions of iodine destroy ozone, modify oxidative capacity, and can form new particles in the troposphere. However, the impact of iodine in the stratosphere is highly uncertain due to the lack of previous quantitative measurements. Here, we report quantitative measurements of iodine monoxide radicals and particulate iodine (Iy,part) from aircraft in the stratosphere. These measurements support that 0.77 ± 0.10 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) total inorganic iodine (Iy) is injected to the stratosphere. These high Iy amounts are indicative of active iodine recycling on ice in the upper troposphere (UT), support the upper end of recent Iy estimates (0 to 0.8 pptv) by the World Meteorological Organization, and are incompatible with zero stratospheric iodine injection. Gas-phase iodine (Iy,gas) in the UT (0.67 ± 0.09 pptv) converts to Iy,part sharply near the tropopause. In the stratosphere, IO radicals remain detectable (0.06 ± 0.03 pptv), indicating persistent Iy,part recycling back to Iy,gas as a result of active multiphase chemistry. At the observed levels, iodine is responsible for 32% of the halogen-induced ozone loss (bromine 40%, chlorine 28%), due primarily to previously unconsidered heterogeneous chemistry. Anthropogenic (pollution) ozone has increased iodine emissions since preindustrial times (ca. factor of 3 since 1950) and could be partly responsible for the continued decrease of ozone in the lower stratosphere. Increasing iodine emissions have implications for ozone radiative forcing and possibly new particle formation near the tropopause.

中文翻译:

平流层中碘的定量检测。

碘的海洋排放破坏了臭氧,改变了氧化能力,并可能在对流层中形成新的颗粒。然而,由于缺乏先前的定量测量,碘在平流层中的影响高度不确定。在这里,我们报告了来自平流层飞机中一氧化碘自由基和颗粒碘(Iy,part)的定量测​​量。这些测量结果支持将0.77±0.10百万分之一体积(pptv)的总无机碘(Iy)注入平流层。这些高的Iy量表明对流层上层(UT)的冰上有活跃的碘回收,支持世界气象组织最近的Iy估计值的上限(0至0.8 pptv),并且与零平流层碘注入量不兼容。UT中的气相碘(Iy,gas)(0.67±0.09 pptv)转换为Iy,部分在对流层顶附近。在平流层中,IO自由基仍可检测到(0.06±0.03 pptv),表明由于活性多相化学作用,持久的Iy,部分循环回Iy,气体。在观察到的水平上,碘是卤素引起的臭氧损失的32%(溴40%,氯28%),这主要是由于以前未考虑过的异质化学。自工业化前的时间以来,人为(污染)臭氧的碘排放量增加(自1950年以来约为3倍),这可能是造成平流层下部臭氧持续减少的部分原因。碘排放量增加对臭氧辐射强迫以及对流层顶附近可能形成新的颗粒产生了影响。活性多相化学作用可将部分回收回Iy,气体。在观察到的水平上,碘是卤素引起的臭氧损失的32%(溴40%,氯28%),这主要是由于以前未考虑过的异质化学。自工业化前的时间以来,人为(污染)臭氧的碘排放量增加(自1950年以来约为3倍),这可能是造成平流层下部臭氧持续减少的部分原因。碘排放量增加对臭氧辐射强迫以及对流层顶附近可能新的颗粒形成有影响。活性多相化学作用可将部分回收回Iy,气体。在观察到的水平上,碘是卤素引起的臭氧损失的32%(溴40%,氯28%),这主要是由于以前未考虑过的异质化学。自工业化前的时间以来,人为(污染)臭氧的碘排放量增加(自1950年以来约为3倍),这可能是造成平流层下部臭氧持续减少的部分原因。碘排放量增加对臭氧辐射强迫以及对流层顶附近可能新的颗粒形成有影响。自工业化前的时间以来,人为(污染)臭氧的碘排放量增加(自1950年以来约为3倍),这可能是造成平流层下部臭氧持续减少的部分原因。碘排放量增加对臭氧辐射强迫以及对流层顶附近可能新的颗粒形成有影响。自工业化前的时间以来,人为(污染)臭氧的碘排放量增加(自1950年以来约为3倍),这可能是造成平流层下部臭氧持续减少的部分原因。碘排放的增加对臭氧辐射强迫以及对流层顶附近可能新的颗粒形成有影响。
更新日期:2020-01-29
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