The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) paradigm is increasingly criticized. Estimation approaches such as point estimates and confidence intervals, while having limitations, provide better descriptions of results than P-values and statements about significance levels. Their use is supported by many statisticians. The effect size approach is an important part of power and sample size calculations at the experimental design stage and in meta-analysis and in the interpretation of the biological importance of study results. Care is needed, however, to ensure that such effect sizes are relevant for the endpoint. Effect sizes should not be used to interpret results without accompanying limits, such as confidence intervals. New methods, especially Bayesian approaches, are being developed; however, no single method provides a simple answer. Rather there is a need to improve researchers understanding of the complex issues underlying experimental design, statistical analysis and interpretation of results.

中文翻译：

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零假设显着性检验和效应大小：我们可以“影响”一切……还是……任何事情？

零假设显着性检验 (NHST) 范式越来越受到批评。点估计和置信区间等估计方法虽然有局限性，但比 P 值和关于显着性水平的陈述提供了更好的结果描述。许多统计学家都支持它们的使用。效应量方法是实验设计阶段、荟萃分析和研究结果生物学重要性解释中功效和样本量计算的重要组成部分。然而，需要注意确保此类效应大小与终点相关。不应使用效应大小来解释没有附带限制（例如置信区间）的结果。正在开发新方法，尤其是贝叶斯方法；然而，没有一种方法可以提供简单的答案。