Improving bone regeneration is one of the most pressing problems facing bone tissue engineering (BTE) which can be tackled by incorporating different biomaterials into the fabrication of the scaffolds. The present study aims to apply the 3D-printing and freeze-drying methods to design an ideal scaffold for improving the osteogenic capacity of Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). To achieve this purpose, hybrid constructs consisted of 3D-printed Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)-based scaffolds filled with freeze-dried gelatin/reduced graphene oxide-Magnesium-Arginine (GRMA) matrix were fabricated through a novel green method. The effect of different concentrations of Reduced graphene oxide-Magnesium-Arginine (RMA) (0, 0.25% and 0.75%wt) on the morphology, mechanical properties, and biological activity of the 3D scaffolds were completely evaluated. Our findings show that the incorporation of RMA hybrid into the scaffold can remarkably enhance its mechanical features and improve cell proliferation and differentiation simultaneously. Of all scaffolds, β-TCP/0.25GRMA showed not only the highest ALP activity and cell proliferation after 14 days but it up-regulated bone-related genes and proteins (COL-I, RUNX2, OCN). Hence, the fabricated 3D printed β-TCP/0.25GRMA porous scaffolds can be considered as a high-potential candidate for BTE.

改善骨再生是骨组织工程学（BTE）面临的最紧迫的问题之一，可以通过将不同的生物材料结合到支架的制造中来解决。本研究旨在应用3D打印和冷冻干燥方法来设计理想的支架，以提高牙髓干细胞（DPSC）的成骨能力。为实现此目的，通过新型绿色方法，制备了由3D打印的β-磷酸三钙（β-TCP）基支架组成的杂化构建体，其中填充了冻干的明胶/还原的氧化石墨烯-镁精氨酸（GRMA）基质。完整评估了不同浓度的氧化石墨烯-精氨酸还原镁（RMA）（0、0.25％和0.75％wt）对3D支架的形态，力学性能和生物活性的影响。我们的发现表明，将RMA杂种并入支架可以显着增强其机械特性，并同时改善细胞增殖和分化。在所有支架中，β-TCP/ 0.25GRMA不仅在14天后显示出最高的ALP活性和细胞增殖，而且还上调了骨相关基因和蛋白质（COL-1，RUNX2，OCN）。因此，可以将制造的3D打印的β-TCP/ 0.25GRMA多孔支架视为BTE的高潜力候选者。