Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common malignant disease and ranks fourteenth in cancer mortality worldwide. Moreover, among cancers, the incidence and mortality of BC in males increased to the 6th and 9th place, respectively. The overall survival (OS) declines dramatically as the cancer progresses, especially when urothelial cells transition from noninvasive to invasive. It is well known that epithelial cells can acquire invasive properties and a propensity to metastasize through the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in tumourigenesis and progression. However, the potential molecular mechanisms and key pathways are still unclear. As the sequencing technology advances, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to play an important role in regulating biological processes and cellular pathways. Here, we reviewed important lncRNAs, such as H19, UCA1 and MALAT1, that participate in the malignant phenotype of BC and regulate EMT signalling networks in the invasion-metastasis cascade during BC development. We further discuss MALAT1, PCAT-1 and SPRY4-IT1, and also urine and blood exosomal H19 and PTENP as potential noninvasive biomarkers. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and a double-stranded DNA plasmid (BC-819) have been designed for use in preclinical cancer models and clinical trials in patients. Therefore, the results of investigations have gradually prompted the utility of lncRNAs.

中文翻译：

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膀胱癌中的长非编码RNA。

膀胱癌（BC）是最常见的第九种恶性疾病，在全世界的癌症死亡率中排名第14位。此外，在癌症中，男性中BC的发生率和死亡率分别上升到第六位和第九位。随着癌症的进展，总生存期（OS）急剧下降，尤其是当尿路上皮细胞从无创转变为有创时。众所周知，上皮细胞可以在肿瘤发生和发展过程中通过上皮-间充质转化（EMT）过程获得侵袭性和转移倾向。但是，潜在的分子机制和关键途径仍不清楚。随着测序技术的进步，长非编码RNA（lncRNA）已被证明在调节生物过程和细胞途径中起着重要作用。这里，我们综述了重要的lncRNA，例如H19，UCA1和MALAT1，它们参与了BC的恶性表型并在BC发育过程中调节侵袭转移级联中的EMT信号网络。我们进一步讨论MALAT1，PCAT-1和SPRY4-IT1，以及尿液和血液外泌体H19和PTENP作为潜在的非侵入性生物标志物。此外，反义寡核苷酸（ASO）和双链DNA质粒（BC-819）已设计用于临床前癌症模型和患者的临床试验。因此，研究结果逐渐提示了lncRNA的实用性。尿液和血液外泌体H19和PTENP也可能作为非侵入性生物标志物。此外，反义寡核苷酸（ASO）和双链DNA质粒（BC-819）已设计用于临床前癌症模型和患者的临床试验。因此，研究结果逐渐提示了lncRNA的实用性。尿液和血液外泌体H19和PTENP也可能作为非侵入性生物标志物。此外，反义寡核苷酸（ASO）和双链DNA质粒（BC-819）已设计用于临床前癌症模型和患者的临床试验。因此，研究结果逐渐提示了lncRNA的实用性。