Titanium dioxide photocatalysts co-modified with iron and nitrogen (Fe–N–TiO₂) were produced via hydrothermal method using iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate and urea as iron and nitrogen sources, respectively. The effects of different dopant concentrations were investigated. The modified TiO₂ catalysts were characterized for phase composition, surface morphology, specific surface area, degree of doping, charge states and bandgap energy combining various techniques. The results showed that controlled iron and nitrogen concentrations significantly altered the physicochemical properties of the catalysts. The photocatalysts displayed the anatase/rutile/brookite crystal phase mixture. The rutile and brookite phase contents increased with increasing iron content. On the other hand, increasing nitrogen content inhibited the formation of rutile and brookite phases and the catalysts displayed predominantly the anatase phase. High iron and low nitrogen contents led to the highest BET surface areas. The surface morphology changed from nanorice to spherical shape with increasing iron content. The bandgap energy of all Fe–N–TiO₂ samples was in the range 2.7–3.1 eV, being lower than that of undoped TiO₂ and pure anatase phase. Nitrogen was incorporated into the TiO₂ lattice on interstitial positions (Ti–O–N). The iron, substituting some Ti⁴⁺ in the lattice was presented in Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ oxidation state, as confirmed by XANES measurements. The photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic ciprofloxacin was performed under visible light using a LED illumination source and nearly 70 % of the antibiotic was removed in 6 h by using the most active sample (2.5 %N–1.5 %Fe). As verified by photoluminescence results, the iron and nitrogen dopants synergistically enhanced the charge separation, since they promoted the formation of the different TiO₂ phases.

通过水热法，分别使用硝酸铁（III）九水合物和尿素分别作为铁和氮源，通过水热法制备了与铁和氮共改性的二氧化钛光催化剂（Fe–N–TiO ₂）。研究了不同浓度的掺杂剂的影响。改性TiO ₂结合各种技术对催化剂的相组成，表面形态，比表面积，掺杂程度，电荷态和带隙能进行了表征。结果表明，受控的铁和氮浓度显着改变了催化剂的物理化学性质。光催化剂显示出锐钛矿/金红石/板钛矿晶体相混合物。金红石和板钛矿相含量随铁含量的增加而增加。另一方面，增加的氮含量抑制了金红石相和板钛矿相的形成，并且催化剂主要显示为锐钛矿相。高铁和低氮含量导致最高的BET比表面积。随着铁含量的增加，表面形态从纳米形态变为球形。所有Fe–N–TiO的带隙能_2个样品在2.7–3.1 eV范围内，低于未掺杂的TiO ₂和纯锐钛矿相。在间隙位置（Ti–O–N），将氮掺入TiO ₂晶格中。Fe ²⁺和Fe ^3+中存在取代晶格中一些Ti ⁴⁺的铁通过XANES测量确认的氧化态。抗生素环丙沙星的光催化降解是在可见光下使用LED照明源进行的，使用活性最高的样品（2.5％N–1.5％Fe）在6小时内将近70％的抗生素被去除。如光致发光结果所证实的，铁和氮掺杂剂协同促进了电荷分离，因为它们促进了不同TiO ₂相的形成。