Puberty/adolescence is a critical phase during neurodevelopment with numerous structural, neurochemical, and molecular changes occurring in response to genetic and environmental signals. A consequence of this major neuronal reorganizing and remodeling is a heightened level of vulnerability to stressors and immune challenges. The gut microbiota is a fundamental modulator of stress and immune responses and has been found to play a role in mental health conditions and neurodegenerative disorders. Environmental insults (stress, infection, neuroinflammation, and use of antibiotics) during adolescence can result in dysbiosis subsidizing the development of brain disorders later in life. Also, pubertal neuroinflammatory insults can alter neurodevelopment, impact brain functioning in an enduring manner, and contribute to neurological disorders related to brain aging, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. Exposure to probiotics during puberty can mitigate inflammation, reverse dysbiosis, and decrease vulnerabilities to brain disorders later in life. The goal of this review is to reveal the consequences of pubertal exposure to stress and immune challenges on the gut microbiota, immune reactivity within the brain, and the risk or resilience to stress-induced mental illnesses and neurodegenerative disorders. We propose that the consumption of probiotics during adolescence contribute to the prevention of brain pathologies in adulthood.

中文翻译：

---

青春期与衰老：青春期炎症应激和微生物群变化对大脑发育、衰老和神经退行性变的影响。


青春期是神经发育过程中的关键阶段，在遗传和环境信号的作用下会发生许多结构、神经化学和分子变化。这种主要的神经元重组和重塑的结果是对压力源和免疫挑战的脆弱性提高。肠道微生物群是压力和免疫反应的基本调节剂，已被发现在心理健康状况和神经退行性疾病中发挥作用。青春期的环境侵害（压力、感染、神经炎症和抗生素的使用）可能会导致生态失调，从而助长晚年大脑疾病的发展。此外，青春期神经炎症损伤会改变神经发育，持久影响大脑功能，并导致与大脑衰老相关的神经系统疾病，例如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和抑郁症。青春期接触益生菌可以减轻炎症、逆转生态失调，并减少晚年患大脑疾病的可能性。本综述的目的是揭示青春期暴露于压力和免疫挑战对肠道微生物群、大脑内免疫反应性的影响，以及压力诱发的精神疾病和神经退行性疾病的风险或恢复能力。我们认为，青春期摄入益生菌有助于预防成年期的脑部病变。