Shrimp farming is considered the fastest growing aquaculture industry in the last decades, with an average growth in production of ~15% per year. Unfortunately, this industry has been affected by the emergence of viral diseases, and currently, there are no commercially available therapeutics against these pathogens. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the immune system components induced by viruses is imperative for the development of antiviral therapies in these species. It is well known that the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signalling is involved in activating the innate immune responses in crustaceans. Although numerous research papers deal with the response of the individual components of this pathway involved in the antiviral response on different crustacean species, the information is highly fragmented. This review provides a detailed picture of the general structure and role of Spätzle, Toll receptors, MyD88, Tollip, Tube, Pelle, Pellino, Dorsal, Cactus and DIF, the elements constituting the Toll‐like receptor participating in the innate immune response against viral diseases in crustaceans. It summarizes the current knowledge progress about the influence of the Toll pathway components on the expression of antimicrobial peptides involved in the antiviral response of crustaceans. In addition, this review compares the structural and functional roles of the elements identified in crustaceans, with those of the popular model organism Drosophila. This systematic review may contribute to identify the existing gaps in the knowledge of the Toll pathway in crustaceans and help to carry out further studies that may be useful for the management of viral diseases.

中文翻译：

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揭示和整理Toll途径在培养的甲壳类动物对病毒病原体的天然免疫反应中的作用

在过去的几十年中，虾类养殖被认为是增长最快的水产养殖业，年平均产量增长约15％。不幸的是，该行业已经受到病毒性疾病的出现的影响，并且目前，没有针对这些病原体的可商购的治疗剂。因此，对于这些物种中抗病毒治疗的发展，必须深入了解由病毒诱导的免疫系统成分。众所周知，Toll样受体（TLR）信号传导与激活甲壳类动物的先天免疫应答有关。尽管许多研究论文都涉及该途径的各个组成部分对不同甲壳类动物的抗病毒反应所涉及的反应，但信息高度分散。这篇综述提供了Spätzle，Toll受体，MyD88，Tollip，Tube，Pelle，Pellino，背侧，仙人掌和DIF的一般结构和作用的详细图片，构成Toll样受体的元素参与了针对病毒的先天免疫反应甲壳类疾病。它总结了有关Toll途径组分对甲壳动物抗病毒应答中涉及的抗菌肽表达的影响的当前知识进展。此外，本评价还比较了甲壳动物中发现的元素与流行的模型生物中的元素在结构和功能上的作用。构成Toll样受体的元素参与了对甲壳类病毒疾病的先天免疫应答。它总结了有关Toll途径组分对甲壳动物抗病毒应答中涉及的抗菌肽表达的影响的最新知识进展。此外，本评价还比较了甲壳动物中发现的元素与流行的模型生物中的元素在结构和功能上的作用。构成Toll样受体的元素参与了对甲壳类病毒疾病的先天免疫应答。它总结了有关Toll途径组分对甲壳动物抗病毒应答中涉及的抗菌肽表达的影响的最新知识进展。此外，本评价还比较了甲壳动物中发现的元素与流行的模型生物中的元素在结构和功能上的作用。果蝇。这项系统的审查可能有助于查明甲壳动物在Toll途径知识方面的现有差距，并有助于开展可能对病毒性疾病管理有用的进一步研究。