This study demonstrates for the first time a room temperature sodium–sulfur (RT Na–S) full cell assembled based on a pristine hard carbon (HC) anode combined with a nanostructured Na₂S/C cathode. The development of cells without the demanding, time‐consuming and costly pre‐sodiation of the HC anode is essential for the realization of practically relevant RT Na–S prototype batteries. New approaches for Na₂S/C cathode fabrication employing carbothermal reduction of Na₂SO₄ at varying temperatures (660 to 1060 °C) are presented. Initial evaluation of the resulting cathodes in a dedicated cell setup reveals 36 stable cycles and a capacity of 740 mAh g_S⁻¹, which correlates to ≈85% of the maximum value known from literature on Na₂S‐based cells. The Na₂S/C cathode with the highest capacity utilization is implemented into a full cell concept applying a pristine HC anode. Various full cell electrolyte compositions with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive have been combined with a special charging procedure during the first cycle supporting in situ solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the HC anode to obtain increased cycling stability and cathode utilization. The best performing cell setup has delivered a total of 350 mAh g_S⁻¹, representing the first functional full cell based on a Na₂S/C cathode and a pristine HC anode today.

中文翻译：

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在室温下生产和运行钠硫电池时，应使用硫化钠阴极代替硬碳预沉淀法

这项研究首次展示了基于原始硬碳（HC）阳极和纳米结构Na ₂ S / C阴极的组装而成的室温钠硫（RT Na–S）全电池。在没有实际使用，耗时且成本高昂的HC阳极预开发的情况下，开发电池对于实现实用的RT Na–S原型电池至关重要。提出了在不同温度（660至1060°C）下采用碳热还原Na ₂ SO ₄进行Na ₂ S / C阴极制造的新方法。在专用电池设置中对所得阴极的初步评估显示出36个稳定循环和740 mAh g _S ^-1的容量，这与文献中基于Na ₂ S的细胞的最大值的≈85％相关。使用原始HC阳极将具有最高容量利用率的Na ₂ S / C阴极实施到全电池概念中。在第一个循环期间，已将具有氟代碳酸亚乙酯（FEC）添加剂的各种全电池电解质组合物与特殊的充电程序结合在一起，以支持在HC阳极上原位形成固体电解质中间相（SEI），以获得更高的循环稳定性和阴极利用率。性能最佳的电池设置共提供了350 mAh g _S ^-1的电量，这是今天第一个基于Na ₂ S / C阴极和原始HC阳极的功能性完整电池。