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Gene copy number and function of the APL1 immune factor changed during Anopheles evolution.
Parasites & Vectors ( IF 3.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-13 , DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3868-y
Christian Mitri 1, 2 , Emmanuel Bischoff 1, 2 , Karin Eiglmeier 1, 2 , Inge Holm 1, 2 , Constentin Dieme 1, 2, 3 , Emma Brito-Fravallo 1, 2 , Abbasali Raz 4 , Sedigheh Zakeri 4 , Mahdokht I K Nejad 4 , Navid D Djadid 4 , Kenneth D Vernick 1, 2 , Michelle M Riehle 5
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND The recent reference genome assembly and annotation of the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi detected only one gene encoding the leucine-rich repeat immune factor APL1, while in the Anopheles gambiae and sibling Anopheles coluzzii, APL1 factors are encoded by a family of three paralogs. The phylogeny and biological function of the unique APL1 gene in An. stephensi have not yet been specifically examined. METHODS The APL1 locus was manually annotated to confirm the computationally predicted single APL1 gene in An. stephensi. APL1 evolution within Anopheles was explored by phylogenomic analysis. The single or paralogous APL1 genes were silenced in An. stephensi and An. coluzzii, respectively, followed by mosquito survival analysis, experimental infection with Plasmodium and expression analysis. RESULTS APL1 is present as a single ancestral gene in most Anopheles including An. stephensi but has expanded to three paralogs in an African lineage that includes only the Anopheles gambiae species complex and Anopheles christyi. Silencing of the unique APL1 copy in An. stephensi results in significant mosquito mortality. Elevated mortality of APL1-depleted An. stephensi is rescued by antibiotic treatment, suggesting that pathology due to bacteria is the cause of mortality, and indicating that the unique APL1 gene is essential for host survival. Successful Plasmodium development in An. stephensi depends upon APL1 activity for protection from high host mortality due to bacteria. In contrast, silencing of all three APL1 paralogs in An. coluzzii does not result in elevated mortality, either with or without Plasmodium infection. Expression of the single An. stephensi APL1 gene is regulated by both the Imd and Toll immune pathways, while the two signaling pathways regulate different APL1 paralogs in the expanded APL1 locus. CONCLUSIONS APL1 underwent loss and gain of functions concomitant with expansion from a single ancestral gene to three paralogs in one lineage of African Anopheles. We infer that activity of the unique APL1 gene promotes longevity in An. stephensi by conferring protection from or tolerance to an effect of bacterial pathology. The evolution of an expanded APL1 gene family could be a factor contributing to the exceptional levels of malaria transmission mediated by human-feeding members of the An. gambiae species complex in Africa.

中文翻译:

APL1免疫因子的基因拷贝数和功能在按蚊进化过程中发生了变化。

背景技术最近亚洲疟疾媒介按蚊的参考基因组装配和注释仅检测到一个编码富含亮氨酸的重复免疫因子APL1的基因,而在冈比亚按蚊和兄弟姐妹按蚊中,APL1因子由三个旁系同源家族编码。An。独特APL1基因的系统发育和生物学功能。stephensi尚未经过专门检查。方法人工注释APL1基因座,以确认An中经计算预测的单个APL1基因。史蒂芬斯。通过系统生物学分析探索了按蚊内部APL1的进化。单或旁系APL1基因在An中沉默。斯蒂芬斯和安。分别对蚊子进行蚊子存活分析,疟原虫的实验性感染和表达分析。结果APL1在包括An在内的大多数按蚊中都作为单个祖先基因存在。stephensi,但在非洲谱系中已扩展到三个旁系同源物,仅包括冈比亚按蚊(Anopheles gambiae)物种群和克里斯蒂按蚊(An按蚊christyi)。沉默An中唯一的APL1副本。斯蒂芬斯会导致大量的蚊子死亡。APL1耗尽的An。的死亡率升高。斯蒂芬斯通过抗生素治疗得以挽救,这表明由细菌引起的病理是导致死亡的原因,并表明独特的APL1基因对于宿主存活至关重要。安氏成功开发了疟原虫。stephensi依赖于APL1活性来防止细菌引起的高宿主死亡率。相比之下,An中所有三个APL1旁系同源基因均沉默。无论是否患有疟原虫感染,coluzzii均不会增加死亡率。单An的表达。stephensi APL1基因受Imd和Toll免疫途径的调节,而这两个信号传导途径在扩展的APL1基因座中调节不同的APL1旁系同源物。结论APL1在非洲按蚊的一个世系中经历了从单一祖先基因扩增到三个旁系同源物的功能丧失和获得。我们推断,独特的APL1基因的活性促进了An的寿命。通过赋予细菌病理学保护作用或耐受细菌病理学作用的作用。扩大的APL1基因家族的进化可能是导致人类An-feeding成员介导的疟疾传播异常水平的一个因素。非洲的冈比亚物种群。而两个信号通路在扩展的APL1基因座中调节不同的APL1旁系同源物。结论APL1在非洲按蚊的一个世系中经历了从单一祖先基因扩增到三个旁系同源物的功能丧失和获得。我们推断,独特的APL1基因的活性促进了An的寿命。通过赋予细菌病理学保护作用或耐受细菌病理学作用的作用。扩大的APL1基因家族的进化可能是导致人类An-feeding成员介导的疟疾传播异常水平的一个因素。非洲的冈比亚物种群。而两个信号通路在扩展的APL1基因座中调节不同的APL1旁系同源物。结论APL1在非洲按蚊的一个世系中经历了从单一祖先基因扩增到三个旁系同源物的功能丧失和获得。我们推断,独特的APL1基因的活性促进了An的寿命。通过赋予细菌病理学保护作用或耐受细菌病理学作用的作用。扩大的APL1基因家族的进化可能是导致人类An-feeding成员介导的疟疾传播异常水平的一个因素。非洲的冈比亚物种群。我们推断,独特的APL1基因的活性促进了An的寿命。通过赋予细菌病理学保护作用或耐受细菌病理学作用的作用。扩大的APL1基因家族的进化可能是导致人类An-feeding成员介导的疟疾传播异常水平的一个因素。非洲的冈比亚物种群。我们推断,独特的APL1基因的活性促进了An的寿命。通过赋予细菌病理学保护作用或耐受细菌病理学作用的作用。扩大的APL1基因家族的进化可能是导致人类An-feeding成员介导的疟疾传播异常水平的一个因素。非洲的冈比亚物种群。
更新日期:2020-01-13
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