Rhizobia are soil bacteria that engage into a mutualistic symbiosis with plants and benefit the host by fixing atmospheric N. In addition, rhizobia can be considered as biocontrol agents, contributing to plant health through direct inhibition of a wide range of pathogens. More recently, it became evident that rhizobial invasion of plant roots can also trigger an increased systemic resistance state in the host, a process resembling the Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) mechanism. However, this indirect biocontrol property of rhizobia was relatively less explored. In this review article, we present an overview of the current knowledge of ISR -like responses induced by rhizobia, considering general characteristics of this phenomenon, discussing the molecular pathways leading to this response and highlighting potential links between ISR -like responses and the nodulation signaling pathway. A more detailed knowledge of these responses can result in development of biotechnological tools for sustainable crop production, through optimization of the systemic protective effect conferred by rhizobia.

中文翻译：

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由根瘤菌引起的诱导系统抗性样反应

根瘤菌是土壤细菌，与植物共生共生，并通过固定大气氮使宿主受益。此外，根瘤菌可被视为生物防治剂，通过直接抑制多种病原体来促进植物健康。最近，很明显，植物根部的根瘤菌入侵也可以引发宿主的系统抗性状态增加，这一过程类似于诱导系统抗性 (ISR) 机制。然而，相对较少探索根瘤菌的这种间接生物防治特性。在这篇评论文章中，我们概述了由根瘤菌引起的 ISR 样反应的当前知识，考虑到这种现象的一般特征，讨论导致这种反应的分子途径，并强调 ISR 样反应和结瘤信号通路之间的潜在联系。通过优化根瘤菌赋予的系统保护作用，对这些反应的更详细了解可以导致开发可持续作物生产的生物技术工具。