Tb-doped \(\hbox {BaTiO} _{3}\) nanoparticles are prepared using the sol–gel method. The characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction powder (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy spectroscopy (SEM). The FTIR analysis does not provide clear evidence on the effect of the doping amount. All diffraction peaks were perfectly matched with the pure phase of \(\hbox {BaTiO} _{3}\). The tetragonal distortion factor is smoothly dependent on the doping amount. The grains decrease in size when Tb concentration is increased. The diffusion coefficient and phase transitions do not change greatly when introducing Tb into the crystal. Fitting values of \(\gamma\) also support the evidence of normal ferro-paraelectric transition. Doped materials have a dielectric constant greater than undoped material, a meanwhile low loss is observed. The presence of Tb inhibits the formation of oxygen vacancies and promotes the stabilization of the oxygen-deficient system with the support of tetragonal phase formation during the sintering process.

中文翻译：

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ter改性的$$ hbox {BaTiO} _ {3} $$ BaTiO3陶瓷的溶胶-凝胶合成，结构和介电性能

使用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺的\（\ hbox {BaTiO} _ {3} \）纳米粒子。使用X射线衍射粉末（XRD），傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜光谱（SEM）进行表征。FTIR分析并未提供有关掺杂量影响的明确证据。所有衍射峰均与\（\ hbox {BaTiO} _ {3} \）的纯相完全匹配。四方畸变因子平滑地取决于掺杂量。当Tb浓度增加时，晶粒尺寸减小。将Tb引入晶体时，扩散系数和相变不会发生很大变化。\（\ gamma \）的拟合值也支持正常的铁-顺电转变的证据。掺杂材料的介电常数大于未掺杂材料，同时观察到低损耗。Tb的存在抑制了氧空位的形成，并在烧结过程中借助四方相形成的支持促进了缺氧系统的稳定。