In this study, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss weighing 27.75 ± 0.34 g were orally subjected to eight experimental diets each in three replicates containing varying amounts of chitosan and nano-chitosan (0.05, 0.5 and 5 g kg-1) loaded in clinoptilolite (14.28 g kg-1) for 70 days; and the growth and immune responses were evaluated. Results showed that growth parameters in fish fed diets chit + clin2, chit + clin3, nchit + clin1, nchit + clin2 and nchit + clin3 were significantly higher than in fish fed the control diet. All feeds, except chit + clin3, and nchit + clin3, significantly increased the total protein level. Feeds containing chit + clin2, nchit + clin1, and nchit + clin2 significantly elevated serum lysozyme activity compared with the control group. All treatments, except chit + clin3, and nchit + clin3 exhibited higher serum immunoglobulin (Ig) level than control one. In contrast, diet nchit + clin1 significantly unregulated the expression of Ig M gene in fish head-kidney compared to other groups. Additionally, all feeds, except clinoptilolite, and nchit + clin3, significantly improved the serum complement activity. Diets chit + clin2, nchit + clin1, and nchit + clin2 also significantly elevated antibacterial activity against Yersinia ruckeri compared with the control diet. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene in fish fed diets clinoptilolite, chit + clin1, chit + clin3, nchit + clin1, nchit + clin2, and nchit + clin3 was significantly higher than the control diet. All diets, except clinoptilolite, increased IL-1β gene expression compared to the control group. Present results suggest that diets supplemented with nchit + clin, especially at 0.05 g kg-1 nano-chitosan inclusion, could improve growth performance and immune parameters of rainbow trout.

中文翻译：

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膳食壳聚糖和纳米壳聚糖负载的斜发沸石对虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss）生长和免疫反应的影响。

在这项研究中，对重达27.75±0.34 g的虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss进行八次实验饮食，每组三份，每份重复三次，其中包含不同量的壳聚糖和纳米壳聚糖（0.05、0.5和5 g kg-1），负载在斜发沸石（14.28 g kg-1），持续70天；并评估其生长和免疫反应。结果表明，饲喂日粮+ chlin2，chit + clin3，nchit + clin1，nchit + clin2和nchit + clin3的鱼的生长参数明显高于饲喂对照日粮的鱼。除chit + clin3和nchit + clin3外的所有饲料均显着提高了总蛋白水平。与对照组相比，包含chit + clin2，nchit + clin1和nchit + clin2的饲料显着提高了血清溶菌酶的活性。除chit + clin3以外的所有治疗方法，而nchit + clin3的血清免疫球蛋白（Ig）水平高于对照组。相反，与其他组相比，日粮nchit + clin1显着失调了鱼头肾脏中Ig M基因的表达。此外，除斜发沸石和nchit + clin3外的所有饲料均显着改善了血清补体的活性。与对照饮食相比，chit + clin2，nchit + clin1和nchit + clin2的饮食也显着提高了对鲁氏耶尔森氏菌的抗菌活性。鱼饲料日粮中斜发沸石，chit + clin1，chit + clin3，nchit + clin1，nchit + clin2和nchit + clin3的诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）基因的表达显着高于对照组。与斜发沸石相比，所有饮食均增加了IL-1β基因的表达。