Abstract Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries are among the targeted candidates for future generation secondary batteries with high specific energy. Herein, a scalable synthesis is presented to produce highly porous, nitrogen-doped carbons from a commercial carbon black material by melamine impregnation and subsequent thermolysis. The process up-scaling up was demonstrated at > 100 g batch level. The nitrogen doping was controlled through pyrolysis temperatures and carbon to melamine ratio. The sulfur-carbon cathodes exhibit an enhanced cycle life at a moderate electrolyte to sulfur ratio of 7 μL mgS−1. In particular, under lean conditions at low electrolyte amount of 5 μL mgS−1, the nitrogen functionalities improved active material utilization and capacity retention significantly. The nitrogen-doped scaffold was integrated into five-layered prototype cell (71 × 46 mm2) with a capacity of up to 0.87 Ah reaching a specific energy density of 238 Wh kg−1 on stack level. These results provide new insights into realistic application of nitrogen-doped carbons on pouch cell level.

中文翻译：

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用于多层锂硫电池的氮掺杂碳的可扩展生产

摘要 锂硫（Li-S）电池是下一代高比能量二次电池的目标候选者之一。在此，提出了一种可扩展的合成方法，通过三聚氰胺浸渍和随后的热解，从商业炭黑材料生产高度多孔的氮掺杂碳。在 > 100 g 批次水平上证明了工艺放大。通过热解温度和碳与三聚氰胺的比率控制氮掺杂。硫碳阴极在电解质与硫的比例为 7 μL mgS−1 的情况下表现出增强的循环寿​​命。特别是，在 5 μL mgS-1 低电解质量的贫油条件下，氮官能团显着提高了活性材料的利用率和容量保持率。掺氮支架被集成到五层原型电池（71 × 46 mm2）中，容量高达 0.87 Ah，在堆叠水平上达到了 238 Wh kg-1 的比能量密度。这些结果为氮掺杂碳在软包电池水平上的实际应用提供了新的见解。