Several viral vector-based gene therapy drugs have now received marketing approval. A much larger number of additional viral vectors are in various stages of clinical trials for the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases, with many more in pre-clinical testing. Efficiency of gene transfer and ability to provide long-term therapy make these vector systems very attractive. In fact, viral vector gene therapy has been able to treat or even cure diseases for which there had been no or only suboptimal treatments. However, innate and adaptive immune responses to these vectors and their transgene products constitute substantial hurdles to clinical development and wider use in patients. This review provides an overview of the type of immune responses that have been documented in animal models and in humans who received gene transfer with one of three widely tested vector systems, namely adenoviral, lentiviral, or adeno-associated viral vectors. Particular emphasis is given to mechanisms leading to immune responses, efforts to reduce vector immunogenicity, and potential solutions to the problems. At the same time, we point out gaps in our knowledge that should to be filled and problems that need to be addressed going forward.

中文翻译：

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对病毒基因治疗载体的免疫反应。

几种基于病毒载体的基因治疗药物现已获得市场认可。在临床试验的各个阶段中，用于治疗遗传性和获得性疾病的其他病毒载体的数量将大大增加，更多的病毒载体正在临床前测试中。基因转移的效率和提供长期治疗的能力使这些载体系统非常有吸引力。实际上，病毒载体基因疗法已经能够治疗甚至治愈没有或只有次优疗法的疾病。然而，对这些载体及其转基因产物的先天性和适应性免疫应答构成了临床开发和在患者中更广泛使用的重大障碍。这篇综述概述了已在动物模型和人类中用三种经过广泛测试的载体系统之一（即腺病毒，慢病毒或腺相关病毒载体）进行基因转移的人类所记录的免疫应答类型。特别强调导致免疫应答的机制，减少载体免疫原性的努力以及对该问题的潜在解决方案。同时，我们指出了应该填补的知识方面的空白以及今后需要解决的问题。