Ginkgo biloba (GB) extracts have been shown to commonly induce biphasic dose responses in a range of cell types and endpoints (e.g., cochlea neural stem cells, cell viability, cell proliferation). The magnitude and width of the low dose stimulation of these biphasic dose responses are similar to those reported for hormetic dose responses. These hormetic dose responses occur within direct stimulatory responses as well as in preconditioning experimental protocols, displaying acquired resistance within an adaptive homeodynamic and temporal framework and repeated measurement protocols. The demonstrated GB dose responses further reflect the general occurrence of hormetic dose responses that consistently appear to be independent of the biological model, endpoint, inducing agent, and/or mechanism. These findings have important implications for consideration(s) of study designs involving dose selection, dose spacing, sample size, and statistical power. This illustrates and strengthens the need to characterize the low dose stimulatory response range and optimal dose in order to explore potential public health and clinical applications of plant-derived agents, such as GB.

中文翻译：

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兴奋和银杏叶（GB）：GB的许多生物学作用都通过兴奋作用介导。

银杏（GB）提取物已显示通常在一系列细胞类型和终点（例如耳蜗神经干细胞，细胞活力，细胞增殖）中诱导双相剂量反应。这些双相剂量反应的低剂量刺激的幅度和宽度与关于有药剂量反应的报道相似。这些激素剂量反应发生在直接刺激反应以及预处理实验方案中，在适应性顺势和时间框架和重复测量方案中显示获得的抵抗力。所证明的GB剂量反应进一步反映了激素剂量反应的普遍发生，其似乎始终独立于生物学模型，终点，诱导剂和/或机制。这些发现对考虑剂量选择，剂量间隔，样本量和统计功效的研究设计具有重要意义。这说明并加强了表征低剂量刺激反应范围和最佳剂量的必要性，以探索植物衍生药物（例如GB）的潜在公共卫生和临床应用。