Antioxidants (AO) inhibiting unspecific oxygen reactions are added to most susceptible industrial products, including liquid hydrocarbon-based aviation fuels. Regulatory approved jet fuel, whether synthetic or crude oil-based, requires the addition of performance antioxidants to inhibit radical-induced oxidation during storage and transport. While presently used antioxidants are petroleum-based, there have been no sustainable, less-toxic, bio-based equivalents reported so far. This study addresses the initial evaluation of carotenoid-based antioxidants as a substitution for current alkyl-phenolic antioxidants to kerosene. Inspired from natural products of Brevibacterium and Synechococcus genus synthesized analogues of candidate aromatic carotenoid cleavage products were evaluated for their effects on combustion characteristics of jet fuel, comparative radical scavenging, and endothelial cell-culture cytotoxicity. These bioinspired antioxidants show no adverse effect on jet fuel bulk properties and combustion chemistry. The radical scavenging properties of the evaluated phenolic compounds are superior to non-aromatic β-carotene cleavage products and in range with current alkyl-phenolic additives. Cytological assays demonstrated low toxicity towards human endothelial cells similar to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), one of the approved alkyl-phenol based additives to jet fuel, food, and cosmetics. The initial data set suggests, that the evaluated bioinspired compounds do not interfere with normal operations of jet engines and human fuel handling. Further developments towards the sustainable, biotechnological production and application of aromatic carotenoid cleavage products as antioxidants could contribute to reduced non-renewable consumption and possibly being an environmentally more compatible alternative due to their biosynthetic origin.

中文翻译：

---

航空及其他领域的绿色芳香族抗氧化剂

抑制非特异性氧反应的抗氧化剂（AO）被添加到大多数易受污染的工业产品中，包括液态烃基航空燃料。经监管批准的喷气燃料，无论是合成燃料还是原油燃料，都需要添加高性能抗氧化剂，以抑制在储存和运输过程中自由基引起的氧化。尽管目前使用的抗氧化剂是石油基的，但迄今为止，尚无可持续的，毒性较小的生物基等效物的报道。这项研究致力于对基于类胡萝卜素的抗氧化剂进行初步评估，以替代目前的烷基酚抗氧化剂对煤油。从天然产品启发短杆菌和聚球藻评估了候选芳香类胡萝卜素裂解产物的类属合成类似物对喷气燃料燃烧特性，比较自由基清除和内皮细胞培养细胞毒性的影响。这些受生物启发的抗氧化剂对喷气燃料的整体性能和燃烧化学无不利影响。被评估的酚类化合物的自由基清除性能优于非芳族β-胡萝卜素裂解产物，并且在目前的烷基酚类添加剂范围内。细胞学分析显示对人内皮细胞的毒性低，类似于丁基化羟基甲苯（BHT）），一种经批准的烷基酚基添加剂，可用于喷气燃料，食品和化妆品。初始数据集表明，所评估的受生物启发的化合物不会干扰喷气发动机的正常运行和人为燃料的处理。芳香族类胡萝卜素裂解产物作为抗氧化剂的可持续生物技术生产和应用的进一步发展可能有助于减少不可再生的消费，并且由于其生物合成来源，可能成为在环境上更具相容性的替代品。