Abstract Land use and hunting are 2 major pressures on biodiversity in the tropics. Yet, their combined impacts have not been systematically quantified at a large scale. We estimated the effects of both pressures on the distributions of 1884 tropical mammal species by integrating species’ range maps, detailed land‐use maps (1992 and 2015), species‐specific habitat preference data, and a hunting pressure model. We further identified areas where the combined impacts were greatest (hotspots) and least (coolspots) to determine priority areas for mitigation or prevention of the pressures. Land use was the main driver of reduced distribution of all mammal species considered. Yet, hunting pressure caused additional reductions in large‐bodied species’ distributions. Together, land use and hunting reduced distributions of species by 41% (SD 30) on average (year 2015). Overlap between impacts was only 2% on average. Land use contributed more to the loss of distribution (39% on average) than hunting (4% on average). However, hunting reduced the distribution of large mammals by 29% on average; hence, large mammals lost a disproportional amount of area due to the combination of both pressures. Gran Chaco, the Atlantic Forest, and Thailand had high levels of impact across the species (hotspots of area loss). In contrast, the Amazon and Congo Basins, the Guianas, and Borneo had relatively low levels of impact (coolspots of area loss). Overall, hunting pressure and human land use increased from 1992 to 2015 and corresponding losses in distribution increased from 38% to 41% on average across the species. To effectively protect tropical mammals, conservation policies should address both pressures simultaneously because their effects are highly complementary. Our spatially detailed and species‐specific results may support future national and global conservation agendas, including the design of post‐2020 protected area targets and strategies.

中文翻译：

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土地利用和狩猎对热带哺乳动物分布的综合影响

摘要 土地利用和狩猎是热带地区生物多样性面临的两大压力。然而，它们的综合影响尚未大规模系统地量化。我们通过整合物种的范围图、详细的土地利用图（1992 年和 2015 年）、特定物种的栖息地偏好数据和狩猎压力模型，估计了两种压力对 1884 种热带哺乳动物物种分布的影响。我们进一步确定了综合影响最大（热点）和最小（冷点）的领域，以确定缓解或预防压力的优先领域。土地利用是所考虑的所有哺乳动物物种分布减少的主要驱动因素。然而，狩猎压力导致大型物种的分布进一步减少。一起，土地利用和狩猎使物种分布平均减少了 41% (SD 30)（2015 年）。影响之间的重叠平均仅为 2%。土地利用对分配损失的贡献（平均 39%）比狩猎（平均 4%）更大。然而，狩猎使大型哺乳动物的分布平均减少了 29%；因此，由于两种压力的结合，大型哺乳动物失去了不成比例的面积。Gran Chaco、大西洋森林和泰国对整个物种（面积损失的热点）产生了高度的影响。相比之下，亚马逊和刚果盆地、圭亚那和婆罗洲的影响程度相对较低（面积损失的冷点）。总体而言，狩猎压力和人类土地利用从 1992 年到 2015 年有所增加，相应的分布损失在整个物种中平均从 38% 增加到 41%。为了有效保护热带哺乳动物，保护政策应同时解决这两种压力，因为它们的影响是高度互补的。我们的空间详细和特定物种结果可能支持未来的国家和全球保护议程，包括 2020 年后保护区目标和战略的设计。