We explored the factors and mechanisms of the antiyeast and antialgal effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) coated with zinc sulfide (ZnS), silica (SiO₂), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) sodium salt (PSS), and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) polyelectrolytes. We examined the activity of various concentrations of bare and surface modified ZnONPs toward microalgae (C. reinhardtii) and yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells upon illumination with UV light compared with that under visible light and in dark conditions to evaluate the impact of the oxidative stress due to the reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also prepared ZnS-coated ZnONPs, SiO₂-coated ZnONPs, and combinations of polyelectrolyte (PSS and PAH)-coated ZnONPs and examined their antiyeast and antialgal effects. The nanoparticles of the anionic surface (ZnONPs/ZnS, ZnONPs/SiO₂, and ZnONPs/PSS) showed much lower antialgal and antiyeast activity than the ones with a cationic surface functionality (ZnONPs/PSS/PAH and bare ZnONPs). The effect of the ZnONPs surface coating was found to be much stronger than the ROS effect due to illumination with UV light. This indicates that the nanoparticles attachment to the microbial cell wall is much more important for their antimicrobial action than the ROS generation alone. This could be explained by the poor adhesion of ZnONPs/ZnS, ZnONPs/SiO₂, and ZnONPs/PSS to the cells due to electrostatic repulsion. In contrast, the particle–cell electrostatic adhesion in the case of cationic ZnONPs/PSS/PAH and bare ZnONPs led to enhanced antiyeast and antialgal action. This study brings important insights about the role of the ZnONPs surface coatings on their nanotoxicity and antimicrobial action and could potentially lead to the development of better antibiofouling coatings and antiyeast formulations.

中文翻译：

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用于抗藻和抗酵母应用的表面改性氧化锌纳米粒子

我们探讨了硫化锌（ZnS），二氧化硅（SiO ₂），聚（4-苯乙烯磺酸钠）钠盐（PSS）和聚（烯丙胺）包覆的氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnONPs）的抗酵母和抗藻类作用的因素和机理。盐）（PAH）聚电解质。我们研究了不同浓度的裸露和表面修饰的ZnONP对微藻（C. reinhardtii）和酵母（S. cerevisiae）细胞在紫外光照射下的活性与在可见光和黑暗条件下的活性的关系，以评价氧化的影响。由于活性氧（ROS）而产生的应力。我们还准备了ZnS涂层的ZnONPs，SiO ₂涂覆的ZnONPs，以及聚电解质（PSS和PAH）涂覆的ZnONPs的组合，并检查了它们的抗酵母和抗藻类作用。阴离子表面的纳米粒子（ZnONPs / ZnS，ZnONPs / SiO ₂和ZnONPs / PSS）显示出比具有阳离子表面功能的纳米粒子（ZnONPs / PSS / PAH和裸ZnONPs）低得多的抗藻和抗酵母活性。由于用紫外线照射，发现ZnONPs表面涂层的作用比ROS作用强得多。这表明纳米颗粒附着在微生物细胞壁上对它们的抗菌作用比单独的ROS产生重要得多。这可能是由于ZnONPs / ZnS，ZnONPs / SiO _2的附着力差和ZnONPs / PSS由于静电排斥作用而进入细胞。相比之下，在阳离子ZnONPs / PSS / PAH和裸露的ZnONPs的情况下，颗粒与细胞之间的静电粘附导致抗酵母菌和抗藻类作用增强。这项研究为ZnONPs表面涂层在其纳米毒性和抗菌作用方面的作用提供了重要的见识，并可能潜在地导致开发出更好的抗污垢涂层和抗酵母制剂。