Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) deserves special attention because of its impact on cognitive function and development. Although knowledge regarding pediatric MS has rapidly increased, understanding the peculiarities of this population remains crucial for disease management. There is limited expertise about the efficacy and safety of current disease-modifying agents. Although pathophysiology is not entirely understood, some risk factors and immunological features have been described and are discussed herein. While the revised International Pediatric MS Study Group diagnostic criteria have improved the accuracy of diagnosis, the recently revised McDonald criteria also offer some new insights into the pediatric population. It is fundamental that radiologists have strong knowledge about the vast spectrum of demyelinating disorders that can occur in childhood to ensure appropriate diagnosis and provide early treatment.

中文翻译：

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小儿多发性硬化症：从临床基础到影像学检查和鉴别诊断。

小儿多发性硬化症（MS）因其对认知功能和发育的影响而值得特别注意。尽管有关小儿MS的知识已迅速增加，但了解该人群的特殊性对于疾病管理仍然至关重要。关于当前疾病改变剂的功效和安全性的专业知识有限。尽管尚未完全理解病理生理学，但是已经描述了一些危险因素和免疫学特征并在此进行了讨论。修订后的国际儿科MS研究小组诊断标准提高了诊断的准确性，而最近修订的麦当劳标准也为儿科人群提供了一些新见解。