Abstract

This article summarizes the current knowledge about the presence of naproxen in the environment, its toxicity to nontarget organisms and the microbial degradation of this drug.

Currently, naproxen has been detected in all types of water, including drinking water and groundwater. The concentrations that have been observed ranged from ng/L to μg/L. These concentrations, although low, may have a negative effect of long-term exposure on nontarget organisms, especially when naproxen is mixed with other drugs. The biological decomposition of naproxen is performed by fungi, algae and bacteria, but the only well-described pathway for its complete degradation is the degradation of naproxen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b). The key intermediates that appear during the degradation of naproxen by this strain are O-desmethylnaproxen and salicylate. This latter is then cleaved by 1,2-salicylate dioxygenase or is hydroxylated to gentisate or catechol. These intermediates can be cleaved by the appropriate dioxygenases, and the resulting products are incorporated into the central metabolism.

Key points

•High consumption of naproxen is reflected in its presence in the environment.

•Prolonged exposure of nontargeted organisms to naproxen can cause adverse effects.

•Naproxen biodegradation occurs mainly through desmethylnaproxen as a key intermediate.

 抽象的

本文总结了有关环境中萘普生的存在、其对非目标生物的毒性以及该药物的微生物降解的最新知识。

目前，已在所有类型的水中检测到萘普生，包括饮用水和地下水。观察到的浓度范围为 ng/L 至 μg/L。这些浓度虽然较低，但长期接触可能会对非目标生物体产生负面影响，特别是当萘普生与其他药物混合时。萘普生的生物分解是由真菌、藻类和细菌进行的，但其完全降解的唯一明确的途径是苏云金芽孢杆菌B1 (2015b) 对萘普生的降解。该菌株降解萘普生过程中出现的关键中间体是O-去甲基萘普生和水杨酸盐。然后后者被 1,2-水杨酸双加氧酶裂解或羟基化为龙胆酸或儿茶酚。这些中间体可以被适当的双加氧酶裂解，所得产物被纳入中央代谢。

 要点

•萘普生的高消费量反映在其在环境中的存在。

•非目标生物体长时间接触萘普生可能会造成不良影响。

•萘普生的生物降解主要通过去甲基萘普生作为关键中间体进行。