BACKGROUND Venom is one of the most important sources of regulation factors used by parasitic Hymenoptera to redirect host physiology in favour of the developing offspring. This has stimulated a number of studies, both at functional and "omics" level, which, however, are still quite limited for ectophagous parasitoids that permanently paralyze and suppress their victims (i.e., idiobiont parasitoids). RESULTS Here we present a combined transcriptomic and proteomic study of the venom of the generalist idiobiont wasp Bracon nigricans, an ectophagous larval parasitoid of different lepidopteran species, for which we recently described the host regulation strategy and the functional role of the venom in the induction of physiological changes in parasitized hosts. The experimental approach used led to the identification of the main components of B. nigricans venom involved in host regulation. Enzymes degrading lipids, proteins and carbohydrates are likely involved in the mobilization of storage nutrients from the fat body and may concurrently be responsible for the release of neurotoxic fatty acids inducing paralysis, and for the modulation of host immune responses. CONCLUSION The present work contributes to fill the gap of knowledge on venom composition in ectoparasitoid wasps, and, along with our previous physiological study on this species, provides the foundation on which to develop a functional model of host regulation, based both on physiological and molecular data. This paves the way towards a better understanding of parasitism evolution in the basal lineages of Hymenoptera and to the possible exploitation of venom as source of bioinsecticidal molecules.

中文翻译：

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外胚层黄蜂Bracon nigricans的经济学。

背景技术毒液是膜翅目寄生虫用来重定向宿主生理而有利于发育中的后代的调节因子的最重要来源之一。这激发了许多在功能和“组学”水平上的研究，然而，对于永久瘫痪并压制其受害者的外寄生性寄生虫（即，成虫类寄生虫），仍然是相当有限的。结果在这里，我们提出了一种综合的转录组学和蛋白质组学研究，研究了普通鳞翅类黄蜂Bracon nigricans的毒液。寄生宿主的生理变化。使用的实验方法导致鉴定了参与宿主调节的黑牛双歧杆菌毒液的主要成分。降解脂质，蛋白质和碳水化合物的酶可能参与了脂肪体中营养物质的动员，并可能同时导致神经毒性脂肪酸的释放引起麻痹，并调节宿主的免疫反应。结论目前的工作有助于填补关于类外寄生虫黄蜂毒液成分的知识的空白，并与我们先前对该物种的生理学研究一起，为建立基于生理和分子的宿主调控功能模型提供了基础。数据。