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Phylogenetic relationships between fungus-associated Neotropical species of the genera Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila and Zygothrica (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with insights into the evolution of breeding sites usage.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106733
Thaísa Bozzetti Gautério 1 , Stela Machado 2 , Elgion Lucio da Silva Loreto 2 , Marco Silva Gottschalk 3 , Lizandra Jaqueline Robe 4
Affiliation  

The Neotropical region harbors an astonishing diversity of species, but still encompasses the least studied biogeographic region of the world. These properties apply for different taxonomic groups, and can be exemplified by drosophilids. In fact, high levels of cryptic diversity have recently been discovered for Neotropical species of the Zygothrica genus group, but relationships among these species, or them and other Drosophilidae species still remains to be addressed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships between fungus-associated Neotropical species of the genera Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila and Zygothrica, which together with Paramycodrosophila and Paraliodrosophila compose the Zygothrica genus group. For this, fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunits I (COI) and II (COII) genes, and the nuclear alpha methyldopa (Amd) and dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) genes were newly characterized for 43 Neotropical specimens of fungus-associated drosophilids, and analyzed in the context of 51 additional Drosophilinae sequences plus one Steganinae outgroup. Based on the resulting phylogeny, the evolution of breeding sites usage was also evaluated through ancestral character reconstructions. Our results revealed the Zygothrica genus group as a monophyletic lineage of Drosophila that branches after the subgenera Sophophora and Drosophila. Within this lineage, Mycodrosophila species seem to encompass the early offshoot, followed by a grade of Hirtodrosophila species, with derived branches mostly occupied by representatives of Zygothrica. This genus, in particular, was subdivided into five major clades, two of which include species of Hirtodrosophila, whose generic status needs to be reevatuated. According to our results, the use of fungi as breeding sites encompasses a symplesiomorphy for the Zygothrica genus group, since one of the recovered clades is currently specialized in using flowers as breeding sites whereas a sole species presents a reversal to the use of fruits of a plant of Gentianales. So, in general, this study supports the paraphyly of Drosophila in relation to fungus-associated Neotropical species of Drosophilidae, providing the first molecular insights into the phylogenetic patterns related to the evolution of this diverse group of species and some of its characteristic traits.

中文翻译:

嗜水菌,支原体和食虫属(双翅目,果蝇科)的真菌相关新热带物种之间的亲缘关系,以及对繁殖场所用途演变的见解。

新热带地区拥有种类繁多的物种,但仍然涵盖了世界上研究最少的生物地理区域。这些特性适用于不同的生物分类群,并且可以以果蝇为例。实际上,最近发现了合子藻属新近缘种的高水平的密码学多样性,但是这些物种之间,或它们与其他果蝇科之间的关系仍然有待解决。因此,本研究的目的是评估嗜水菌属,嗜麦芽胞菌属和嗜蝇菌属的真菌相关新热带物种之间的系统发育关系,它们与副嗜蝇菌属和副嗜蝇菌属一起构成了蝇y属属群。为此,线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)和II(COII)基因的片段 并针对真菌相关果蝇的43个新热带标本重新鉴定了核甲基甲基多巴(Amd)和多巴脱羧酶(Ddc)基因,并在51个其他果蝇序列和一个剑齿豆科外群的背景下进行了分析。基于产生的系统发育,还通过祖先特征重建评估了繁殖场所使用情况的演变。我们的结果表明,合子虫属是果蝇的单系谱系,在果蝇和果蝇亚属之后分支。在该谱系中,嗜麦芽球菌属物种似乎涵盖了早期分支,其后是一定等级的嗜水杆菌属物种,其衍生分支主要由合子虫的代表占据。尤其是这个属被细分为五个主要分支,其中两个包括嗜果蝇物种,其一般地位需要重新评估。根据我们的研究结果,使用真菌作为繁殖点属于合子虫属,因为回收的进化枝中的一种目前专门用于将花朵用作繁殖点,而唯一的一种则相反。龙胆树属植物。因此,总的来说,这项研究支持果蝇与真菌相关的果蝇科的新热带物种有关的副生,为有关与这一多样性物种的进化及其某些特征性状相关的系统发育模式提供了第一个分子见解。使用真菌作为繁殖地包括y虫属的一种同形异形,因为回收的进化枝中的一种目前专门用于将花朵用作繁殖地,而唯一的物种则逆转了龙胆草属植物果实的使用。因此,总的来说,这项研究支持果蝇与真菌相关的果蝇科的新热带物种有关的副生,为有关与这一多样性物种的进化及其某些特征性状相关的系统发育模式提供了第一个分子见解。使用真菌作为繁殖地包括y虫属的一种同形异形,因为回收的进化枝中的一种目前专门用于将花朵用作繁殖地,而唯一的物种则逆转了龙胆草属植物果实的使用。因此,总的来说,这项研究支持果蝇与真菌相关的果蝇科的新热带物种有关的副生,为有关与这一多样性物种的进化及其某些特征性状相关的系统发育模式提供了第一个分子见解。
更新日期:2020-01-11
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