Recent findings from our laboratory suggest that an extensively-practiced instrumental behavior can appear to be a goal-directed action (rather than a habit) when a second behavior is added and reinforced during intermixed final sessions (Shipman et al., 2018). The present experiments were designed to explore and understand this finding. All used the taste aversion method of devaluing the reinforcer to distinguish between goal-directed actions and habits. Experiment 1 confirmed that reinforcing a second response in a separate context (but not mere exposure to that context) can return an extensively-trained habit to the status of goal-directed action. Experiment 2 showed that training of the second response needs to be intermixed with training of the first response to produce this effect; training the second response after the first-response training was complete preserved the first response as a habit. Experiment 3 demonstrated that reinforcing the second response with a different reinforcer breaks the habit status of the first response. Experiment 4 found that free reinforcers (that were not response-contingent) were sufficient to restore goal-directed performance. Together, the results suggest that unexpected reinforcer delivery can render a habitual response goal-directed again.

中文翻译：

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一些将目标方向恢复为习惯行为的因素。

我们实验室的最新发现表明，在混合的最后阶段中添加和强化第二种行为时，广泛实践的工具行为似乎是一种目标导向的行为（而非习惯）（Shipman et al。，2018）。本实验旨在探索和理解这一发现。所有人都使用贬低增强剂的品味厌恶方法来区分目标导向的行为和习惯。实验1证实，在单独的上下文中加强第二反应（但不仅仅是暴露于该上下文）可以使广泛训练的习惯恢复为目标导向的行为状态。实验2表明，第二反应的训练需要与第一反应的训练相结合才能产生这种效果。在完成第一反应训练后，训练第二反应将第一反应保留为习惯。实验3表明，使用其他增强剂加强第二反应会破坏第一反应的习惯状态。实验4发现，免费的增强剂（不是响应性的）足以恢复目标导向的性能。总之，结果表明，意外的补强剂交付可以使习惯性反应再次达到目标。