Three experiments examined the return of a habitual instrumental response to the status of goal-directed action. In all experiments, rats received extensive training in which lever pressing was reinforced with food pellets on a random-interval schedule of reinforcement. In Experiment 1, the extensively-trained response was not affected by conditioning a taste aversion to the reinforcer, and was therefore considered a habit. However, if the response had earned a new and unexpected food pellet during the final training session, the response was affected by taste aversion conditioning to the (first) reinforcer, and had thus been converted to a goal-directed action. In Experiment 3, 30 min of prefeeding with an irrelevant food pellet immediately before the test also converted a habit back to action, as judged by the taste-aversion devaluation method. That result was consistent with difficulty in finding evidence of habit with the sensory-specific satiety method after extensive instrumental training (Experiment 2). The results suggest that an instrumental behavior's status as a habit is not permanent, and that a habit can be returned to action status by associating it with a surprising reinforcer (Experiment 1) or by giving the animal an unexpected prefeeding immediately prior to the action/habit test (Experiment 3).

中文翻译：

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意想不到的食物结果可以使习惯回归目标导向的行动。


三个实验检验了习惯性工具反应对目标导向行动状态的回归。在所有实验中，老鼠都接受了广泛的训练，其中按随机强化时间间隔用食物颗粒强化杠杆按压。在实验 1 中，经过广泛训练的反应并未受到对强化物的味觉厌恶的影响，因此被认为是一种习惯。然而，如果反应在最后的训练过程中获得了新的、意想不到的食物颗粒，那么反应就会受到对（第一个）强化物的味觉厌恶调节的影响，从而转化为目标导向的行动。在实验 3 中，根据味觉厌恶贬值法判断，在测试前预先喂食 30 分钟不相关的食物颗粒也将习惯恢复为行动。该结果与经过广泛的仪器训练后很难找到使用特定感觉饱腹感方法的习惯证据相一致（实验2）。结果表明，工具性行为作为习惯的状态并不是永久性的，并且可以通过将习惯与令人惊讶的强化物相关联（实验1）或在行动之前立即给动物意外的预喂来将其恢复到行动状态/习惯测试（实验3）。