Abstract

Daily dishwashing is a common household activity. Washing dishes in a sink is considered safe for the environment because it requires few water and human energy. There are concerns, however, that residues from the detergent used may impact health and the environment. Here, we studied the adsorption and toxicity of two detergent ingredients, the biocide 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate, left on tableware, cups and plates, made of glass, stainless steel, ceramic, plastic and wood. Results show that levels of biocide and surfactant residues were much higher on wooden plates, of 8.4 ng biocide cm⁻² and 226.4 ng surfactant cm⁻², than on glass, of 0.9 ng biocide cm⁻² and 55.9 ng surfactant cm⁻². Residues levels increase with material roughness. Toxicity analysis of compounds in water using the luminiscence of Vibrio fischeri revealed that toxic inhibition was much higher (20%) when the biocide and the surfactant were together than when the surfactant occurred alone (1.9%) or the biocide occurred alone (11.5%). Overall, our findings imply that, depending on the dish material and roughness, contaminants will be transferred either to humans through eating using contaminated dishes, or to wastewater and then to humans indirectly through contamination of natural waters.

中文翻译：

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洗碗：被忽视的污染源

摘要

日常洗碗是一种常见的家庭活动。在水槽中洗碗被认为对环境安全，因为它只需要很少的水和人力。然而，令人担忧的是，所用洗涤剂的残留物可能会影响健康和环境。在这里，我们研究了留在餐具，杯子和盘子上的两种清洁剂成分（玻璃，不锈钢制成的杀菌剂1,2-苯并噻唑-3（2 H）-1和表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠）的吸附和毒性。陶瓷，塑料和木材。结果表明，木制板上的杀虫剂和表面活性剂残留量水平更高，分别为8.4 ng杀虫剂cm ^-2和226.4 ng表面活性剂cm ^-2，而玻璃上的杀虫剂和表面活性剂残留物水平更高，为0.9 ng杀虫剂cm ^-2和55.9 ng表面活性剂⁻²。残留物水平随材料粗糙度而增加。使用费氏弧菌的发光度对水中的化合物进行的毒性分析表明，与单独使用表面活性剂（1.9％）或单独使用杀生物剂时（11.5％）相比，杀生物剂和表面活性剂一起使用时的毒性抑制作用高得多（20％）。 。总体而言，我们的发现暗示，根据碟子的材料和粗糙度，污染物将通过使用被污染的碟子进食而传播给人类，或者通过自然水的污染间接传递给人类。