Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies (Abs) and CTLA4 Abs and T cell-based adoptive cell therapies are effective for patients with various cancers. However, response rates of ICI monotherapies are still limited due to lack of immunogenic antigens and various immune-resistant mechanisms. The latter includes adaptive immune resistance that is caused by anti-tumor T cells (e.g. PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ from T cells) and primary immune resistance that is caused by cancer cells (e.g. immunosuppressive cytokines produced by cancer cells). Further understanding of the immune-resistant mechanisms, which may be possible through comparative analyses of responders and non-responders to the immunotherapies, will lead to the identification of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for development of effective cancer immuno therapies.

中文翻译：

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癌症免疫治疗中的免疫抵抗机制。

免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI），例如PD-1 / PD-L1抗体（Abs）和CTLA4 Abs和基于T细胞的过继细胞疗法对各种癌症患者均有效。但是，由于缺乏免疫原性抗原和各种免疫抵抗机制，ICI单一疗法的应答率仍然受到限制。后者包括由抗肿瘤T细胞（例如，由T细胞的IFN-γ诱导的PD-L1）引起的适应性免疫抗性和由癌细胞（例如，癌细胞产生的免疫抑制细胞因子）引起的原发性免疫抗性。通过对免疫疗法的反应者和非反应者进行比较分析，可能进一步了解免疫抵抗机制，