Abstract In the process of waterflooding development, it is of great importance to prevent the clay from hydration swelling and migration dispersion for protecting the formation and improving the water flooding efficiency. For those reasons, we successfully synthesized a cationic clay stabilizer (HBP-QAT) through melting polycondensation and cationic modification with maleic anhydride, diethanolamine, epichlorohydrin, triethylamine, and trimethylolpropane as monomers and p-toluene sulfonic acid as a catalyst. The chemical structure, cation degree, and molecular weight of HBP-QAT were studied by using FTIR, 1H NMR, sodium tetraphenylborate (STBP) back titration, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The obtained results showed that HBP-QAT was a hyperbranched unsaturated polyester amide with a low molecular weight and a high cation degree, with corresponding values of 28400, and 44.2%, respectively. The clay stability and durability of HBP-QAT were evaluated by linear anti-swelling, water flushing, and cutting rolling recovery tests. The obtained results showed that HBP-QAT has an excellent anti-washing capacity and a long-term inhibition effect. The initial anti-swelling rate of 1.0 wt% HBP-QAT reached 92.37%, and the anti-swelling rate of 1.0 wt% HBP-QAT also remained at 85% after flushing 10 times with water. Besides, the two cutting rolling recoveries exceed 72%. Most importantly, the inhibition mechanism of HBP-QAT was studied by zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and contact angles analyses, and thus we proposed an inhibition mechanism, presenting as follows. HBP-QAT inhibited the clay hydration swelling by neutralizing negative charges on the surface of the clay particles to compress the electric double layer, strongly adsorbing on the surface of the clay particles, and forming a waterproof polymer membranes, restraining water of intrusion into the clay interlayer.

中文翻译：

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水驱用长效超支化阳离子聚合物粘土稳定剂的合成、表征与评价

摘要 在水驱开发过程中，防止粘土水化膨胀和运移分散对保护地层和提高水驱效率具有重要意义。基于这些原因，我们以马来酸酐、二乙醇胺、环氧氯丙烷、三乙胺和三羟甲基丙烷为单体，对甲苯磺酸为催化剂，通过熔融缩聚和阳离子改性成功合成了一种阳离子粘土稳定剂（HBP-QAT）。通过FTIR、1H NMR、四苯基硼酸钠(STBP)反滴定和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)研究了HBP-QAT的化学结构、阳离子度和分子量。所得结果表明，HBP-QAT是一种低分子量、高阳离子度的超支化不饱和聚酯酰胺，对应值分别为 28400 和 44.2%。HBP-QAT 的粘土稳定性和耐久性通过线性抗膨胀、水冲洗和切割滚动恢复测试进行评估。所得结果表明HBP-QAT具有优异的抗洗涤能力和长期抑制作用。1.0 wt% HBP-QAT的初始抗溶胀率达到92.37%，1.0 wt% HBP-QAT的抗溶胀率在用水冲洗10次后也保持在85%。此外，两次切削轧制回收率均超过72%。最重要的是，通过zeta电位、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和接触角分析研究了HBP-QAT的抑制机制，因此我们提出了一种抑制机制，呈现如下。