Fine-grained power monitoring of software activities becomes unavoidable to maximize the power usage efficiency of data centers. In particular, achieving an optimal scheduling of containers requires the deployment of software-defined power~meters to go beyond the granularity of hardware power monitoring sensors, such as Power Distribution Units (PDU) or Intel's Running Average Power Limit (RAPL), to deliver power estimations of activities at the granularity of software~containers. However, the definition of the underlying power models that estimate the power consumption remains a long and fragile process that is tightly coupled to the host machine. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces SmartWatts: a lightweight power monitoring system that adopts online calibration to automatically adjust the CPU and DRAM power models in order to maximize the accuracy of runtime power estimations of containers. Unlike state-of-the-art techniques, SmartWatts does not require any a priori training phase or hardware equipment to configure the power models and can therefore be deployed on a wide range of machines including the latest power optimizations, at no cost.

中文翻译：

---

SmartWatts：用于容器的自校准软件定义功率计

为了最大限度地提高数据中心的电源使用效率，对软件活动的细粒度电源监控变得不可避免。特别是，实现容器的最佳调度需要部署软件定义的功率计，以超越硬件功率监控传感器的粒度，例如配电单元 (PDU) 或英特尔的运行平均功率限制 (RAPL)，以提供在软件容器的粒度上对活动的功率估计。然而，用于估计功耗的底层功耗模型的定义仍然是一个与主机紧密耦合的漫长而脆弱的过程。为了克服这些限制，本文介绍了 SmartWatts：轻量级功耗监控系统，采用在线校准，自动调整 CPU 和 DRAM 功耗模型，最大限度提高容器运行时功耗估算的准确性。与最先进的技术不同，SmartWatts 不需要任何先验训练阶段或硬件设备来配置功率模型，因此可以免费部署在包括最新功率优化在内的各种机器上。