Skatole is the key malodorous compound in livestock and poultry waste and wastewater with a low odor threshold. It not only causes serious nuisance to residents and workers, but also poses threat to the environment and human health due to its biotoxicity and recalcitrant nature. Biological treatment is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for skatole removal, while the bacterial resources are scarce. Herein, the Burkholderia strain was reported to efficiently degrade skatole for the first time. Results showed that strain IDO3 maintained high skatole-degrading performance under the conditions of pH 4.0-9.0, rotate speed 0-250 rpm, and temperature 30-35 °C. RNA-seq analysis indicated that skatole activated the oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production levels in strain IDO3. The oxidoreductase activity item which contained 373 differently expressed genes was significantly impacted by Gene Ontology analysis. Furthermore, the bioaugmentation experiment demonstrated that strain IDO3 could notably increase the removal of skatole in activated sludge systems. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing data indicated that the alpha-diversity and bacterial community tended to be stable in the bioaugmented group after 8 days operation. PICRUSt analysis indicated that xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, and membrane transport categories significantly increased, consistent with the improved skatole removal performance in the bioaugmented group. Burkholderia was survived and colonized to be the predominant population during the whole operation process (34.19-64.00%), confirming the feasibility of Burkholderia sp. IDO3 as the bioaugmentation agent in complex systems.

中文翻译：

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Burkholderia sp。对粪臭素的生物降解。IDO3及其在活性污泥系统中的成功生物强化。

Skatole是畜禽粪便和废水中的关键恶臭化合物，气味阈值低。它不仅会给居民和工人造成严重的麻烦，而且由于其生物毒性和顽固性，还会对环境和人类健康构成威胁。生物处理是去除粪臭素的一种生态友好且具有成本效益的方法，而细菌资源却很少。在此，据报道伯克霍尔德菌菌株首次有效降解粪臭素。结果表明，菌株IDO3在pH 4.0-9.0，转速0-250 rpm和温度30-35°C的条件下保持较高的粪臭素降解性能。RNA-seq分析表明，粪臭素激活了菌株IDO3中的氧化磷酸化和ATP产生水平。含有373个差异表达基因的氧化还原酶活性项目受到基因本体分析的显着影响。此外，生物强化实验表明，菌株IDO3可以显着提高活性污泥系统中粪臭素的去除率。高通量16S rRNA基因测序数据表明，经过8天手术后，生物强化组的α多样性和细菌群落趋于稳定。PICRUSt分析表明，异生物素的生物降解和代谢以及膜运输类别显着增加，这与生物强化组改善的粪臭素去除性能一致。在整个手术过程中，伯克霍尔德菌得以幸存并定殖为主要种群（34.19-64.00％），证实了伯克霍尔德菌的可行性。