ABSTRACT Over the 2010s technological improvements allowed metal additive manufacturing to graduate from a prototyping tool to a widespread, full-scale manufacturing process. Among the capabilities still under development, however, is the ability to locally tailor alloy composition and properties to fabricate bulk, complex geometry functionally graded materials (FGMs), eliminating the need for dissimilar-metal welds and joints. The challenge of compositional grading involves overcoming chemical, metallurgical, and thermal property differences to achieve a continuous structure between a wide range of selected combinations of alloys. In this review, examples are discussed of fabricating FGMs joining a variety of combinations of stainless, nickel, titanium and copper alloys, and FGMs joining metals to ceramics and metal-matrix composites. The change in design strategy enabled by practical FGMs may lead to effective use of biomimetic designs that are both much more efficient as well as aesthetically pleasing.

中文翻译：

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金属基功能梯度材料增材制造的进展

摘要 在 2010 年代，技术进步使金属增材制造从原型工具升级为广泛的、全面的制造过程。然而，仍在开发中的能力之一是能够局部调整合金成分和性能，以制造大块、复杂几何形状的功能梯度材料 (FGM)，从而消除对异种金属焊缝和接头的需要。成分分级的挑战涉及克服化学、冶金和热性能差异，以在各种选定的合金组合之间实现连续结构。在这篇综述中，讨论了制造连接不锈钢、镍、钛和铜合金的各种组合的 FGM 以及将金属连接到陶瓷和金属基复合材料的 FGM 的示例。