This chapter reviews fundamental properties and recent advances of diffuse and pulsating aurora. Diffuse and pulsating aurora often occurs on closed field lines and involves energetic electron precipitation by wave-particle interaction. After summarizing the definition, large-scale morphology, types of pulsation, and driving processes, we review observation techniques, occurrence, duration, altitude, evolution, small-scale structures, fast modulation, relation to high-energy precipitation, the role of ECH waves, reflected and secondary electrons, ionosphere dynamics, and simulation of wave-particle interaction. Finally we discuss open questions of diffuse and pulsating aurora.

中文翻译：

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漫射和脉动极光

本章回顾了弥散和脉动极光的基本特性和最新进展。弥散和脉动极光通常发生在闭合场线上，并涉及通过波粒相互作用产生的高能电子沉淀。在总结定义、大尺度形态、脉动类型和驱动过程后，我们回顾了观测技术、发生、持续时间、高度、演化、小尺度结构、快速调制、与高能降水的关系、ECH的作用波、反射和二次电子、电离层动力学以及波粒相互作用的模拟。最后，我们讨论弥漫性和脉动极光的开放性问题。