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Can Citizen Science using social media inform sanitation planning?
Journal of Environmental Management ( IF 8.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-08 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110053
Jan Freihardt 1
Affiliation  

Improving the sanitation situation in a community that relies on on-site sanitation requires information about the quantity and quality of faecal sludge (FS) produced. Existing tools for data collection about FS characteristics are either imprecise or very costly. As information and communication technologies are becoming more available in low-income countries, Citizen Science is becoming an option for the collection of sanitation data. This study used an online survey distributed via social media to predict FS characteristics (Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Sludge Volume Index (SVI)) at 40 households in Blantyre, Malawi. Furthermore, the study investigated whether and how an online survey could yield cost-effective and representative information about the sanitation situation at the household level. Facebook and WhatsApp both introduced a bias towards higher income households as low-income households still lack access to smartphones and internet. WhatsApp (€1.01/reply) was significantly cheaper than Facebook (€3.00/reply) and conventional data generation with household interviewers (€1.47-2.20/reply). Monetary incentives generated more replies than pure social messaging. TSS, VSS and COD were significantly correlated to TS. The slope of the regression line of COD to TS (0.97) was similar to one reported for Uganda (0.88), suggesting that the ratio of COD to TS might be independent of the location. Statistically significant median differences of TS concentrations were found for the survey parameters "system type" and "solid waste", making these parameters candidates for predictors of FS characteristics. The sample size was too small for the other survey parameters to detect any differences statistically. Overall, using social media in a Citizen Science approach appears to be a promising new tool for FS characterization. In the current form, it can probably not replace other data collection tools, but rather complement them as a cost-efficient method to gain an initial assessment. Besides sanitation planning, social media and the Citizen Science approach could be employed for data collection in various fields of development cooperation.

中文翻译:

公民科学可以使用社交媒体来告知卫生计划吗?

要改善依赖现场卫生的社区的卫生状况,就需要有关粪便污泥(FS)的数量和质量的信息。现有的有关FS特性的数据收集工具不够精确或成本很高。随着信息和通信技术在低收入国家中变得越来越可用,公民科学正在成为收集卫生数据的一种选择。这项研究使用通过社交媒体发布的在线调查来预测FS特性(总固体(TS),总悬浮固体(TSS),挥发性悬浮固体(VSS),化学需氧量(COD)和污泥体积指数(SVI))。马拉维布兰太尔的40户家庭。此外,该研究调查了在线调查是否以及如何产生有关家庭卫生状况的具有成本效益的代表性信息。由于低收入家庭仍无法使用智能手机和互联网,因此Facebook和WhatsApp都向高收入家庭提出了偏见。WhatsApp(1.01欧元/回复)明显低于Facebook(3.00欧元/回复)和传统的家庭访问者数据生成(1.47-2.20欧元/回复)。与纯社交消息相比,货币激励产生的答复更多。TSS,VSS和COD与TS显着相关。COD对TS的回归线的斜率(0.97)与乌干达报道的斜率(0.88)相似,这表明COD与TS的比率可能与位置无关。在调查参数“系统类型”和“固体废物”中发现了TS浓度的统计上显着中位数差异,使这些参数成为FS特性预测指标的候选者。对于其他调查参数而言,样本量太小,无法统计地检测出任何差异。总体而言,在公民科学方法中使用社交媒体似乎是用于FS表征的有前途的新工具。在当前形式下,它可能无法代替其他数据收集工具,而是作为一种经济有效的方法来补充它们,以获得初步评估。除了卫生计划外,社交媒体和公民科学方法还可用于发展合作各个领域的数据收集。使这些参数成为FS特性预测指标的候选参数。对于其他调查参数而言,样本量太小,无法统计地检测出任何差异。总体而言,在公民科学方法中使用社交媒体似乎是用于FS表征的有前途的新工具。在当前形式下,它可能无法代替其他数据收集工具,而是作为一种经济有效的方法来补充它们,以获得初步评估。除了卫生计划外,社交媒体和公民科学方法还可用于发展合作各个领域的数据收集。使这些参数成为FS特性预测指标的候选参数。对于其他调查参数而言,样本量太小,无法统计地检测出任何差异。总体而言,在公民科学方法中使用社交媒体似乎是用于FS表征的有前途的新工具。在当前形式下,它可能无法代替其他数据收集工具,而是作为一种经济有效的方法来补充它们,以获得初步评估。除了卫生计划外,社交媒体和公民科学方法还可用于发展合作各个领域的数据收集。在公民科学方法中使用社交媒体似乎是有前途的FS表征新工具。在当前形式下,它可能无法代替其他数据收集工具,而是作为一种经济有效的方法来补充它们,以获得初步评估。除了卫生计划外,社交媒体和公民科学方法还可用于发展合作各个领域的数据收集。在公民科学方法中使用社交媒体似乎是有前途的FS表征新工具。在当前形式下,它可能无法代替其他数据收集工具,而是作为一种经济有效的方法来补充它们,以获得初步评估。除了卫生计划外,社交媒体和公民科学方法还可用于发展合作各个领域的数据收集。
更新日期:2020-01-08
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