Increasing global energy demand is fostering development of renewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels. However, renewable energy facilities may adversely affect wildlife. Facility siting guidelines recommend or require project developers complete pre- and post-construction wildlife surveys to predict risk and estimate effects of proposed projects. Despite this, there are no published studies that have quantified the types of surveys used, or how survey types are standardized within and across facilities. We evaluated 633 peer-reviewed publications, unpublished reports, and citations, and we analyzed data from 540 of these sources (203 facilities: 193 wind; 10 solar) in the U.S. and Canada to determine: (1) frequency of pre- and post-construction surveys and whether that frequency changed over time; (2) frequency of studies explicitly designed to allow before-after or impact-control analyses; and (3) what types of survey data were collected during pre- and post-construction periods and how those data types were standardized across periods and among facilities. Within our dataset, post-construction monitoring for wildlife fatalities and habitat use was standard practice (n = 461 reports), but pre-construction estimation of baseline wildlife habitat use and mortality was less frequently reported (n = 85). Only 22% (n = 45) of the 203 facilities provided data from both pre- and post- construction, and 29% (n = 59) had experimental study designs. Of 108 facilities at which habitat use surveys were conducted, only 3% included detection probability estimation. Thus, the available data generally preclude comparison of biological data across construction periods and among facilities. Use of experimental study designs and following similar field protocols would improve knowledge of how renewable energy affects wildlife. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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研究可再生能源对鸟类和蝙蝠的影响的局限性、缺乏标准化和推荐的最佳实践

不断增长的全球能源需求正在促进可再生能源的发展，作为化石燃料的替代品。然而，可再生能源设施可能会对野生动物产生不利影响。设施选址指南建议或要求项目开发商完成施工前和施工后的野生动物调查，以预测拟议项目的风险和估计影响。尽管如此，还没有已发表的研究量化了所使用的调查类型，或者调查类型如何在设施内和跨设施标准化。我们评估了 633 篇同行评审的出版物、未发表的报告和引文，并分析了来自美国和加拿大的 540 个来源（203 个设施：193 个风能；10 个太阳能）的数据，以确定：(1) 前后频率- 施工调查以及该频率是否随时间变化；(2) 明确设计为允许前后或影响控制分析的研究频率；(3) 在施工前和施工后期间收集了哪些类型的调查数据，以及这些数据类型如何跨时期和跨设施标准化。在我们的数据集中，对野生动物死亡人数和栖息地使用的施工后监测是标准做法（n = 461 份报告），但对基线野生动物栖息地使用和死亡率的施工前估计报告较少（n = 85）。203 个设施中只有 22% (n = 45) 提供了施工前和施工后的数据，29% (n = 59) 具有实验研究设计。在进行栖息地利用调查的 108 个设施中，只有 3% 包括检测概率估计。因此，现有数据通常无法比较不同施工期间和设施之间的生物数据。使用实验研究设计并遵循类似的现场协议将提高对可再生能源如何影响野生动物的了解。本文受版权保护。版权所有。