Over the past decade, many studies have indicated that adolescence is a critical period of brain development and maturation. The refinement and maturation of the central nervous system over this prolonged period, however, makes the adolescent brain highly susceptible to perturbations from acute and chronic drug exposure. Here we review the preclinical literature addressing the long-term consequences of adolescent exposure to common recreational drugs and drugs-of-abuse. These studies on adolescent exposure to alcohol, nicotine, opioids, cannabinoids and psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine, reveal a variety of long-lasting behavioral and neurobiological consequences. These agents can affect development of the prefrontal cortex and mesolimbic dopamine pathways and modify the reward systems, socio-emotional processing and cognition. Other consequences include disruption in working memory, anxiety disorders and an increased risk of subsequent drug abuse in adult life. Although preventive and control policies are a valuable approach to reduce the detrimental effects of drugs-of-abuse on the adolescent brain, a more profound understanding of their neurobiological impact can lead to improved strategies for the treatment and attenuation of the detrimental neuropsychiatric sequelae.

中文翻译：

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青少年药物暴露：对大脑功能持续变化发展的证据的审查。

在过去的十年中，许多研究表明，青春期是大脑发育和成熟的关键时期。然而，中枢神经系统在这段长时间内的完善和成熟，使青少年大脑非常容易受到急性和慢性药物暴露的干扰。在这里，我们回顾了关于青少年暴露于常见消遣性药物和滥用药物的长期后果的临床前文献。这些关于青少年接触酒精、尼古丁、阿片类药物、大麻素和精神兴奋剂（如可卡因和安非他明）的研究揭示了各种长期的行为和神经生物学后果。这些代理可以影响前额叶皮层和中脑边缘多巴胺通路的发育，并改变奖励系统、社会情绪处理和认知。其他后果包括工作记忆中断、焦虑症以及成年后随后滥用药物的风险增加。尽管预防和控制政策是减少滥用药物对青少年大脑的有害影响的一种有价值的方法，但对其神经生物学影响的更深入了解可以改善治疗和减轻有害神经精神后遗症的策略。