ABSTRACT City dashboards have become a common smart city technology, emerging as a key means of sharing and visualising urban data for the benefit of the public and city administrations. Operating as the front-end of many cities’ data stores, dashboards display and benchmark indicators relating to city operations, characteristics, and trends, displayed through interactive visual representations of spatial and temporal patterns. Many dashboards collect, archive, and present data collected in real-time, as well as more traditional time-sliced administrative data. In this paper, we evaluate the techniques that dashboards employ to present real-time data to dashboard users. Our analysis identifies two factors that shape and differentiate real-time visual analytic tools: the dynamic nature of the data, how they are refreshed, and how the realtimeness of the data is communicated to the user; and how the tool enables archival comparison. We assess dashboard design according to the strategies used to address specific challenges associated with each factor, specifically change blindness and temporal pattern detection. We conclude by proposing effective techniques for city dashboard design.

中文翻译：

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城市仪表盘中的实时和档案数据可视化技术

摘要 城市仪表板已成为一种常见的智慧城市技术，正在成为共享和可视化城市数据以造福公众和城市管理部门的关键手段。作为许多城市数据存储的前端，仪表板显示和与城市运行、特征和趋势相关的基准指标，通过时空模式的交互式可视化表示进行显示。许多仪表板收集、存档和呈现实时收集的数据，以及更传统的按时间切片的管理数据。在本文中，我们评估仪表板用于向仪表板用户呈现实时数据的技术。我们的分析确定了塑造和区分实时视觉分析工具的两个因素：数据的动态性质、它们的刷新方式、以及如何将数据的实时性传达给用户；以及该工具如何启用档案比较。我们根据用于解决与每个因素相关的特定挑战的策略来评估仪表板设计，特别是变化盲点和时间模式检测。最后，我们提出了城市仪表板设计的有效技术。