BACKGROUND Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex breed in clean, sunlit temporary bodies of water. Anthropogenic pollution is, however, altering the breeding sites of the vectors with numerous biological effects. Although the effects of larval metal pollution have previously been examined, this study aims to assess the transgenerational effects of larval metal pollution on the major malaria vector An. arabiensis. METHODS Two laboratory strains of An. arabiensis, SENN (insecticide-susceptible) and SENN-DDT (insecticide-resistant), were used in this study. After being bred in water polluted with either cadmium chloride, copper nitrate or lead nitrate, several life history characteristics that can have epidemiological implications (fertility, apoptotic damage to reproductive structures, adult longevity and insecticide tolerance) were examined in the adults and compared to those of adults bred in clean water. RESULTS All metal treatments reduced fecundity in SENN, but only lead treatment reduced fertility in SENN-DDT. Cadmium chloride exposure resulted in apoptosis and deformation of the testes in both strains. After breeding generation F0 in polluted water, F1 larvae bred in clean water showed an increase in longevity in SENN-DDT adult females. In contrast, after breeding the F0 generation in polluted water, longevity was reduced after cadmium and copper exposure in the F1 generation. Larval metal exposure resulted in an increase in insecticide tolerance in adults of the SENN strain, with SENN-DDT adults gaining the greatest fold increase in insecticide tolerance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a single exposure to metal pollution can have transgenerational effects that are not negated by subsequent breeding in clean water.

中文翻译：

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幼虫金属污染物暴露的第二代效应对主要疟疾媒介阿拉伯按蚊（Diptera：Culicidae）的繁殖，寿命和杀虫剂耐受性的影响。

背景技术冈比亚按蚊复合体的成员在清洁，阳光照射的临时水体中繁殖。然而，人为污染正在改变具有许多生物学效应的载体的繁殖部位。尽管以前已经研究了幼虫金属污染的影响，但本研究旨在评估幼虫金属污染对主要疟疾媒介An的跨代影响。阿拉伯 方法两种An。在这项研究中使用了阿拉伯树，SENN（对杀虫剂敏感）和SENN-DDT（对杀虫剂有抵抗力）。在被氯化镉，硝酸铜或硝酸铅污染的水中繁殖后，可能具有流行病学意义的几个生命史特征（生育力，对生殖结构的细胞凋亡，在成年人中检查了成年人的寿命和对杀虫剂的耐受性，并与在纯净水中饲养的成年人进行了比较。结果所有金属处理均会降低SENN的生育力，但仅铅处理会降低SENN-DDT的生育力。氯化镉暴露导致两种菌株的细胞凋亡和睾丸变形。在污染的水中繁殖F0代后，在SENN-DDT成年雌性中在纯净水中繁殖的F1幼虫的寿命增加。相反，在污染的水中繁殖F0代后，在F1代中暴露于镉和铜后，寿命降低。幼虫金属暴露导致SENN株的成虫对杀虫剂的耐受性增加，而SENN-DDT的成虫对杀虫剂的耐受性增加最大。