Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) is a dithiocarbamate pesticide used for crop protection and storage. But, it's widespread utilization is associated with deleterious growth plate cartilage disorder in broilers termed as avian tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). TD results in non-mineralized and less vascularized proximal tibial growth plate cartilage causing lameness and poor growth performance. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of puerarin against thiram toxicity in TD affected chickens. One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 240) were alienated into three equal groups i.e. control, TD and puerarin (n = 80) and were offered standard feed. Additionally, TD and puerarin groups were offered thiram at 50 mg/kg of feed from 4 to 7 days for TD induction followed by puerarin therapy at 120 mg/kg to puerarin group only from 8 to 18 days for TD treatment. Thiram feeding to TD and puerarin group chickens caused lameness, mortality, and increased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and growth plate (GP) size and upregulated HIF-1α expression. Besides, the production parameters, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels and the expressions of TIMP-3 and BCL-2 were decreased (p < 0.05). Puerarin alleviated lameness, enhanced angiogenesis and growth performance and serum and antioxidant enzymes, decreased apoptosis and recuperated GP width by significantly downregulating HIF-1α and upregulating the TIMP-3 and BCL-2 mRNA and protein expressions in puerarin group chickens (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the toxic effects associated with thiram can be mitigated using puerarin.

中文翻译：

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葛根素通过调节HIF-1α，TIMP-3和BCL-2的表达来增强硫胺诱导的鸟胫骨软骨发育不良中的血管增殖并阻止其凋亡。

四甲基秋兰姆二硫化物（thiram）是一种二硫代氨基甲酸酯农药，用于作物保护和储存。但是，它的广泛使用与被称为禽胫骨软骨发育不良（TD）的肉鸡有害的生长板软骨疾病有关。TD导致胫骨近端生长板软骨未矿化且血管化程度降低，从而导致la行和较差的生长性能。这项研究调查了葛根素对受TD感染的鸡的硫胺素毒性的治疗潜力。将一天大的肉鸡（n = 240）分为三个相等的组，即对照组，TD和葛根素（n = 80），并提供标准饲料。另外，TD和葛根素组以4到7天的硫胺素以50 mg / kg的饲料提供给TD，随后葛根素组以120 mg / kg的葛根素疗法给予TD治疗仅8到18天。饲喂TD和葛根素组鸡的Thiram导致la行，死亡，并增加了天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST），丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT），丙二醛（MDA）水平和生长板（GP）大小并上调了HIF-1α表达。此外，生产参数，碱性磷酸酶（ALP），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）水平降低，TIMP-3和BCL-2的表达降低（p <0.05）。葛根素减轻la行，增强血管生成和生长性能以及血清和抗氧化酶，通过显着下调葛根素组鸡中的HIF-1α并上调TIMP-3和BCL-2 mRNA和蛋白表达，可降低细胞凋亡并恢复GP宽度（p <0.05）。总之，使用葛根素可以减轻与硫胺素相关的毒性作用。