Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound vesicles released into the extracellular environment by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs are enriched in active biomolecules and they can horizontally transfer the cargo to distant recipient cells. In recent years EVs have demonstrated promising clinical applications due to their theragnostic potential. Although EVs have promising therapeutic potential, there are several challenges associated with using EVs before transition from the laboratory to clinical use. Some of these challenges include issues around low yield, isolation and purification methodologies, and poor engineering (loading) of EVs with therapeutic cargo. Also, to achieve higher therapeutic efficiency, EVs architecture and cargo may need to be manipulated prior to clinical application. Some of these issues have been addressed by developing biomimetic EVs. EV mimetic-nanovesicles (M-NVs) are a type of artificial EVs which can be generated from all cell type with comparable characteristics as EVs for an alternative therapeutic modality. In this review, we will discuss current techniques for modifying EVs and methodology used for generation and customizing of EVs mimetic-nanovesicles.

中文翻译：

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将治疗剂加载到细胞外囊泡中并产生细胞外囊泡模拟纳米囊泡的方法

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 是由真核细胞和原核细胞释放到细胞外环境中的膜结合囊泡。EV 富含活性生物分子，它们可以将货物水平转移到远处的受体细胞。近年来，由于其诊断潜力，EV 已显示出有希望的临床应用。尽管 EVs 具有良好的治疗潜力，但在从实验室过渡到临床使用之前，使用 EVs 存在一些挑战。其中一些挑战包括低产量、分离和纯化方法以及带有治疗性货物的 EV 的工程设计（装载）不佳等问题。此外，为了实现更高的治疗效率，可能需要在临床应用之前对 EV 的结构和货物进行操作。其中一些问题已通过开发仿生电动汽车得到解决。EV 模拟纳米囊泡 (M-NV) 是一种人工 EV，可以从所有细胞类型中生成，具有与 EV 相似的特性，可用于替代治疗方式。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论当前用于修改 EV 的技术以及用于生成和定制 EV 模拟纳米囊泡的方法。