Abstract The paper presents the results of long-term (1996–2017) studies of the chemical composition of rain, snow and sleet in one of the cities with the highest concentrations of particulate matter in the air in Europe. The study included measurements of 45 chemical constituents of precipitation as well as its pH and EC. Concentrations of PM10, SO2 and meteorological parameters were also analysed. Differences in Cl and Na concentrations were found depending on the type of precipitation (snow or rain). These differences are most probably caused by anthropogenic factors, however, to a small extent (~18–19%), they are associated with the total variability of the concentrations of these chemical constituents. The differences between the concentrations of the remaining constituents of precipitation analysed are of lesser or negligible importance. The main processes affecting the chemical composition of precipitation are the chemical weathering of suspended dust and the formation of mineral acid aerosols. These processes shape the chemical composition of both rain and snow in a similar manner. The differences between the chemical composition of rain and snow are the result of the concentrations of and mutual relations between selected chemical constituents and precipitation pH. An important factor affecting the pH of precipitation is the effectiveness of the chemical weathering of suspended dust, which may make the precipitation more alkaline. It is very likely that pH-buffering will occur, which can prevent the pH of precipitation from decreasing, especially in cold periods. Long-term observations of variability in the concentrations of the chemical constituents indicate a slight, but rather constant decrease in concentrations of most of the chemical constituents analysed, as well as in the concentrations of PM10 and SO2 in the air in Krakow. The directions of these changes reflect, to a certain extent, the complex transformations of industrial, economic and social conditions in Krakow within that period. The typical ranges of variability of the recorded values of concentrations/measurement values of 22 chemical constituents and the physical characteristics of rain, sleet and snow presented in the paper can be used as reference ranges of these parameters, typical for an area with a significant degree of atmospheric dust pollution.

中文翻译：

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对尘土飞扬的空气中雨、雪和雨夹雪化学成分的 17 年研究（克拉科夫，波兰）

摘要 本文介绍了欧洲空气中颗粒物浓度最高的城市之一的雨、雪和雨夹雪化学成分的长期（1996-2017）研究结果。该研究包括对沉淀的 45 种化学成分及其 ​​pH 值和 EC 的测量。还分析了 PM10、SO2 和气象参数的浓度。发现 Cl 和 Na 浓度的差异取决于降水类型（雪或雨）。这些差异很可能是由人为因素引起的，但是，在小范围内（~18-19%），它们与这些化学成分浓度的总变异性有关。所分析的沉淀的剩余成分的浓度之间的差异不太重要或可以忽略不计。影响降水化学成分的主要过程是悬浮粉尘的化学风化和无机酸气溶胶的形成。这些过程以类似的方式塑造了雨雪的化学成分。雨雪化学成分之间的差异是所选化学成分与降水pH值的浓度和相互关系的结果。影响沉淀pH值的一个重要因素是悬浮粉尘化学风化的有效性，这可能使沉淀更加碱性。很可能会发生 pH 缓冲，这可以防止沉淀的 pH 值降低，尤其是在寒冷时期。对化学成分浓度变化的长期观察表明，但所分析的大多数化学成分的浓度以及克拉科夫空气中 PM10 和 SO2 的浓度不断下降。这些变化的方向在一定程度上反映了克拉科夫在那个时期工业、经济和社会条件的复杂转变。论文中提出的22种化学成分的浓度/测量值记录值和雨、雨夹雪和雪的物理特征的典型变异范围可作为这些参数的参考范围，典型地用于具有显着程度的区域大气粉尘污染。在一定程度上，克拉科夫的工业、经济和社会条件在那个时期发生了复杂的变化。论文中提出的22种化学成分的浓度/测量值记录值和雨、雨夹雪和雪的物理特征的典型变异范围可作为这些参数的参考范围，典型地用于具有显着程度的区域大气粉尘污染。在一定程度上，克拉科夫的工业、经济和社会条件在那个时期发生了复杂的变化。论文中提出的22种化学成分的浓度/测量值记录值和雨、雨夹雪和雪的物理特征的典型变异范围可作为这些参数的参考范围，典型地用于具有显着程度的区域大气粉尘污染。