AIM This study aimed to investigate the association between gingival inflammation and levels of soluble CD163 (sCD163), a macrophage-specific marker associated to inflammation, in young adults participating in an experimental gingivitis study. METHODS Forty-two university students volunteered to participate in the study, which comprised three phases: a two-week Hygiene Phase (clinical examination and professional cleaning); a three-week Induction Phase (absence of oral hygiene); and a two-week Resolution Phase (reestablishment of oral hygiene). Clinical recordings of plaque (Modified Quigley and Hein Plaque Index) and gingival inflammation (Modified Gingival Index) were collected weekly during the Induction Phase, and after two weeks during the Resolution Phase. Levels of sCD163 from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected during Induction and Resolution Phases and measured by ELISA. Group-based-trajectory-modeling (GBTM) was used to model patterns of sCD163 throughout the Induction Phase. Mixed-effects multilevel models were used to estimate the effect of gingival inflammation on sCD163 over time. RESULTS Levels of sCD163 increased steadily over time, however, sCD163 showed a lagged response to gingival inflammation. GBTM analysis identified two groups for sCD163: one with a "linear" trajectory of sCD163 over the Induction Phase (n = 35), and another with a "quadratic" (n = 7) increase of sCD163 at the end of the Induction Phase. Stratified analysis by the sCD163 groups revealed that "linear" sCD163 growth was associated with both GCF volume and gingival inflammation but lagged in time, while a "quadratic" growth was associated with gingival inflammation and time. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage activity is associated with gingival inflammation and can be detected at early stages of gingivitis. However, while in most participants a "linear" trajectory of sCD163 over the development of gingival inflammation was observed, among few individuals an exacerbated increase of sCD163 levels in GCF was noticed particularly at the end of the Induction Phase.

中文翻译：

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巨噬细胞活性与牙龈炎症有关：一项实验性牙龈炎研究中的可溶性 CD163

目的 本研究旨在调查参加实验性牙龈炎研究的年轻人的牙龈炎症与可溶性 CD163 (sCD163) 水平之间的关联，CD163 是一种与炎症相关的巨噬细胞特异性标志物。方法 42 名大学生自愿参与研究，包括三个阶段：为期两周的卫生阶段（临床检查和专业清洁）；为期三周的诱导阶段（缺乏口腔卫生）；和为期两周的解决阶段（重建口腔卫生）。在诱导阶段每周收集牙菌斑（改良 Quigley 和 Hein 菌斑指数）和牙龈炎症（改良牙龈指数）的临床记录，并在解决阶段两周后收集。在诱导和消退阶段收集来自龈沟液 (GCF) 的 sCD163 水平，并通过 ELISA 进行测量。使用基于组的轨迹建模 (GBTM) 对整个诱导阶段的 sCD163 模式进行建模。混合效应多级模型用于评估牙龈炎症随时间推移对 sCD163 的影响。结果 sCD163 的水平随时间稳定增加，然而，sCD163 对牙龈炎症表现出滞后反应。GBTM 分析确定了两组 sCD163：一组在诱导阶段 (n = 35) 具有 sCD163 的“线性”轨迹，另一组在诱导阶段结束时具有 sCD163 的“二次”增加 (n = 7)。sCD163 组的分层分析显示“线性” sCD163 生长与 GCF 体积和牙龈炎症相关，但滞后于时间，而“二次”生长与牙龈炎症和时间相关。结论巨噬细胞活性与牙龈炎症有关，可以在牙龈炎的早期阶段检测到。然而，虽然在大多数参与者中观察到 sCD163 在牙龈炎症发展过程中的“线性”轨迹，但在少数个体中，特别是在诱导阶段结束时注意到 GCF 中 sCD163 水平的加剧增加。