OBJECTIVE We conducted a multimodal coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA) to investigate structural and functional brain alterations in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients (FRs). METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search from electronic databases to find studies that examined differences between FRs and healthy controls using whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or voxel-based morphometry (VBM). A CBMA of 30 fMRI (754 FRs; 959 controls) and 11 VBM (885 FRs; 775 controls) datasets were conducted using the anisotropic effect-size version of signed differential mapping. Further, we conducted separate meta-analyses about functional alterations in different cognitive tasks: social cognition, executive functioning, working memory, and inhibitory control. RESULTS FRs showed higher fMRI activation in the right frontal gyrus during cognitive tasks than healthy controls. In VBM studies, there were no differences in gray matter density between FRs and healthy controls. Furthermore, multi-modal meta-analysis obtained no differences between FRs and healthy controls. By utilizing the BrainMap database, we showed that the brain region which showed functional alterations in FRs (i) overlapped only slightly with the brain regions that were affected in the meta-analysis of schizophrenia patients and (ii) correlated positively with the brain regions that exhibited increased activity during cognitive tasks in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Based on this meta-analysis, FRs may exhibit only minor functional alterations in the brain during cognitive tasks, and the alterations are much more restricted and only slightly overlapping with the regions that are affected in schizophrenia patients. The familial risk did not relate to structural alterations in the gray matter.

中文翻译：

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精神分裂症患者一级亲属脑灰质的结构和功能改变：fMRI 和 VBM 研究的多模式荟萃分析

目的 我们进行了一项基于多模式坐标的荟萃分析 (CBMA)，以研究精神分裂症患者 (FRs) 一级亲属的结构和功能大脑改变。方法我们从电子数据库中进行了系统的文献搜索，以查找使用全脑功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 或基于体素的形态测量学 (VBM) 来检查 FR 和健康对照之间差异的研究。使用符号差分映射的各向异性效应大小版本进行了 30 个 fMRI（754 个 FR；959 个对照）和 11 个 VBM（885 个 FR；775 个对照）数据集的 CBMA。此外，我们对不同认知任务的功能改变进行了单独的元分析：社会认知、执行功能、工作记忆和抑制控制。结果 与健康对照相比，在认知任务期间，FRs 在右额回中显示出更高的 fMRI 激活。在 VBM 研究中，FRs 和健康对照之间的灰质密度没有差异。此外，多模式荟萃分析在 FR 和健康对照之间没有发现差异。通过利用 BrainMap 数据库，我们发现显示 FRs 功能改变的大脑区域（i）与精神分裂症患者的荟萃分析中受影响的大脑区域仅略微重叠，并且（ii）与大脑区域呈正相关在健康个体的认知任务中表现出增加的活动。结论 根据这项荟萃分析，在认知任务期间，FRs 可能仅表现出轻微的大脑功能改变，并且这些改变更受限制，并且与精神分裂症患者受影响的区域仅略有重叠。家族风险与灰质的结构改变无关。