Abstract Tissue engineering uses some engineering strategies for the reconstruction and repair of the compromised tissues, among which the use of biomaterials as an alternative to conventional transplants is significant. However, not many research has been developed on the use of biopolymer nanostructure microanalysis and calcium phosphate composites of carbon apatite in PLA as scaffolds for tissue regeneration. In this work, poly (lactic acid) filaments with 5% and 20%, carbon apatite (cHA) were microanalysis to produce a 3D printing scaffold. The scaffolds were characterised by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) techniques, thereby making it possible to notice a good load dispersion. The microstructural analysis of the scaffolds was carried out by computerised micro-tomography to determine the roughness, morphological parameters of pore size distribution, porosity, as well as better visualisation of the distribution of particles. A computational in vitro and microanalysis tests to assess the biocompatibility viability of the PLA/cHA structure with a variation of scaffold geometry to evaluate their effects on morphological, physicochemical and mechanical properties were also carried out. The characterisation of Ca and P release assays were observed for longer incubation times and the dynamic condition control to simulate the stresses suffered by the biomaterial exerted by the flow of fluids was achieved. The results obtained indicated that the micrographs of the cross-sections of the scaffolds showed a flatness in the loaded material when compared to the 100/0 PLA. Furthermore, the apparent porosity of 5% and 20% of cHA scaffolds gave a porosity percentage of approximately 62% and 41% respectively. The reduced summit height, reduced valley depth and the percentage upper and lower bearing area difference of the samples are 16.33 nm, 9.62 nm and 75.07% respectively. The morphological characterisation surface roughness analysis and tolerance insertion gave a favourable reduced porosity result for the composite scaffolds with 5% of cHA. Hence, this work will assist biomaterial industries in the development of biomaterials which have been engineered with biological systems to meet medical purposes.

中文翻译：

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用于骨再生的 PLA/cHA 聚合物支架的混合生物复合材料形态特征的微分析

摘要 组织工程使用一些工程策略来重建和修复受损组织，其中使用生物材料作为传统移植的替代方案具有重要意义。然而，关于使用生物聚合物纳米结构微量分析和 PLA 中碳磷灰石的磷酸钙复合材料作为组织再生支架的研究并不多。在这项工作中，对含有 5% 和 20% 碳磷灰石 (cHA) 的聚（乳酸）长丝进行微量分析以生产 3D 打印支架。支架通过扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和能量色散 X 射线 (EDX) 技术进行表征，从而可以注意到良好的负载分散。通过计算机显微断层扫描对支架进行微观结构分析，以确定粗糙度，孔径分布、孔隙率的形态参数，以及更好的颗粒分布可视化。还进行了计算体外和微量分析测试，以评估具有不同支架几何形状的 PLA/cHA 结构的生物相容性可行性，以评估它们对形态、物理化学和机械性能的影响。Ca 和 P 释放测定的表征在更长的孵育时间下被观察到，并且实现了动态条件控制以模拟由流体流动施加的生物材料所承受的应力。获得的结果表明，与 100/0 PLA 相比，支架横截面的显微照片显示负载材料的平整度。此外，5% 和 20% 的 cHA 支架的表观孔隙率分别给出了大约 62% 和 41% 的孔隙率百分比。样品峰高降低、谷深降低、上下承载面积百分比差异分别为16.33 nm、9.62 nm和75.07%。形态表征表面粗糙度分析和公差插入为具有 5% cHA 的复合支架提供了有利的孔隙率降低结果。因此，这项工作将协助生物材料行业开发利用生物系统进行设计以满足医疗目的的生物材料。形态特征表面粗糙度分析和公差插入为具有 5% cHA 的复合支架提供了有利的孔隙率降低结果。因此，这项工作将协助生物材料行业开发利用生物系统进行设计以满足医疗目的的生物材料。形态表征表面粗糙度分析和公差插入为具有 5% cHA 的复合支架提供了有利的孔隙率降低结果。因此，这项工作将协助生物材料行业开发利用生物系统进行设计以满足医疗目的的生物材料。