Recent years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia biology, including their major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Technological advances have enabled the identification of microglial signatures in health and disease, including the development of new models to investigate and manipulate human microglia in vivo in the context of disease. In parallel, genetic association studies have identified several gene risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease that are specifically or highly expressed by microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we discuss evidence for the effect of stress, diet, sleep patterns, physical activity, and microbiota composition on microglia biology and consider how lifestyle might influence an individual's predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss how different lifestyles and environmental factors might regulate microglia, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease, and we highlight the need to investigate the contribution of modern environmental factors on microglia modulation in neurodegeneration.

中文翻译：

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小胶质细胞，生活方式压力和神经退行性变。

近年来，我们对小胶质细胞生物学的理解发生了革命，包括它们在神经退行性疾病的病因和发病机制中的主要作用。技术的进步使人们能够确定健康和疾病中的小胶质细胞标志，包括开发新模型以在疾病背景下在体内研究和操纵人类小胶质细胞。同时，遗传关联研究已经确定了与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的几种基因危险因素，这些危险因素由中枢神经系统（CNS）中的小胶质细胞特异性或高度表达。在这里，我们讨论了压力，饮食，睡眠方式，身体活动和微生物群组成对小胶质细胞生物学影响的证据，并考虑了生活方式可能如何影响个体的 易患神经退行性疾病。我们讨论了不同的生活方式和环境因素如何调节小胶质细胞，可能导致对神经退行性疾病的敏感性增加，并且我们强调需要研究现代环境因素对神经变性中小胶质细胞调节的贡献。