The recognition of the syndrome of heart failure (HF) dates back to the Egyptians, although it is still a mystery how they did that because they had an erroneous notion of the blood flow. Some cardinal aspects of the clinical picture of HF were associated with cardiac disease 1600 years later. Dyspnea was associated with cardiac disease in 1000 CE by Avicenna; pedal edema was associated with cardiac disease by Pawl in 1615. Lower associated dyspnea with pedal edema in 1669, and Bonet associated ascites with cardiac disease in 1679. Lancisi associated the jugular venous distention with right ventricular dilatation in 1728. However, it was only in 1748 that Albertini associated pedal edema and dyspnea with the myocardial disease. The evolution of the understanding that myocardial contractility abnormality was the mechanism behind HF partially started with Lower in 1669, it was clearly pointed out by Albertini in 1748 and refined by Mackenzie in 1908. At that time, it was clear that the exhausted myocardial would lead to the appearance of HF. However, the full understanding of the pathogenesis of HF had to wait for the hemodynamic studies which would appear in the second decade of the 20th century, and for the neurohormonal theory of the 90's.

中文翻译：

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关于心力衰竭的诊断和病因方面的知识的发展历史：从埃及人到詹姆斯·麦肯齐。

心力衰竭综合征（HF）的认知可以追溯到埃及人，尽管他们这样做的方式仍然是个谜，因为他们对血流的认识是错误的。HF临床表现的一些主要方面与1600年后的心脏病有关。Avicenna在公元1000年将呼吸困难与心脏病相关；Pawl在1615年将踏板水肿与心脏病相关。1669年，踏板气肿与踏板水肿相关；在1679年，Bonet导致腹水与心脏病相关。1728年Lancisi将颈静脉扩张与右心室扩张相关。但是，仅在1748年，阿尔贝蒂尼（Albertini）将踏板水肿和呼吸困难与心肌病相关联。关于心肌收缩力异常是心力衰竭的机制的认识的演变始于1669年的Lower，这在1748年由Albertini明确指出，并在1908年由Mackenzie加以完善。 HF的外观。然而，对HF发病机理的全面了解必须等待20世纪第二个十年出现的血液动力学研究以及90年代的神经激素理论。