Control of gene expression has been found to be predominantly determined at the level of protein translation. However, to date, reduced expression from duplicated genes in eukaryotes for dosage maintenance has only been linked to transcriptional control involving epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we hypothesize that dosage maintenance following gene duplication also involves regulation at the protein level. To test this hypothesis, we compared transcriptome and proteome data of yeast models, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and worm models, Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae, to investigate lineage-specifically duplicated genes. Duplicated genes in both eukaryotic models exhibited a reduced protein-to-mRNA abundance ratio. Moreover, dosage sensitive genes, represented by genes encoding protein complex subunits, reduced their protein-to-mRNA abundance ratios more significantly than the other genes after duplication events. An analysis of ribosome profiling (Ribo-Seq) data further showed that reduced translational efficiency was more prominent for dosage sensitive genes than for the other genes. Meanwhile, no difference in protein degradation rate was associated with duplication events. Translationally repressed duplicated genes were also more likely to be inhibited at the level of transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that translation-mediated dosage control is partially contributed by natural selection and it enhances transcriptional control in maintaining gene dosage after gene duplication events during eukaryotic genome evolution.

中文翻译：

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复制事件后降低的真核基因翻译效率。

已经发现基因表达的控制主要在蛋白质翻译水平上确定。然而，迄今为止，用于剂量维持的真核生物中重复基因的表达减少仅与涉及表观遗传机制的转录控制有关。在这里，我们假设基因复制后的剂量维持也涉及蛋白质水平的调节。为了验证这一假设，我们比较了酵母模型，酿酒酵母和粟酒裂殖酵母以及蠕虫模型秀丽隐杆线虫和Briegsae线虫的转录组和蛋白质组数据，以研究谱系特异性重复的基因。在两个真核模型中重复的基因都表现出降低的蛋白质与mRNA的丰度比。此外，剂量敏感基因（由编码蛋白质复合物亚基的基因代表）发生重复事件后，其蛋白/ mRNA丰度比其他基因降低的幅度更大。核糖体谱分析（Ribo-Seq）数据的分析进一步表明，剂量敏感性基因的翻译效率降低比其他基因更为突出。同时，蛋白质降解率的差异与重复事件无关。翻译抑制的重复基因也更有可能在转录水平受到抑制。综上所述，这些结果表明翻译介导的剂量控制部分是由自然选择贡献的，并且它在真核基因组进化过程中基因复制事件后维持基因剂量方面增强了转录控制。核糖体谱分析（Ribo-Seq）数据的分析进一步表明，剂量敏感性基因的翻译效率降低比其他基因更为突出。同时，蛋白质降解率的差异与重复事件无关。翻译抑制的重复基因也更有可能在转录水平受到抑制。综上所述，这些结果表明翻译介导的剂量控制部分是由自然选择贡献的，并且它在真核基因组进化过程中基因复制事件后维持基因剂量方面增强了转录控制。核糖体谱分析（Ribo-Seq）数据的分析进一步表明，剂量敏感性基因的翻译效率降低比其他基因更为突出。同时，蛋白质降解率的差异与重复事件无关。翻译抑制的重复基因也更有可能在转录水平受到抑制。综上所述，这些结果表明翻译介导的剂量控制部分是由自然选择贡献的，并且在真核基因组进化过程中，在基因复制事件后维持基因剂量后，它增强了转录控制。蛋白质降解率差异与重复事件无关。翻译抑制的重复基因也更有可能在转录水平受到抑制。综上所述，这些结果表明翻译介导的剂量控制部分是由自然选择贡献的，并且它在真核基因组进化过程中基因复制事件后维持基因剂量方面增强了转录控制。蛋白质降解率差异与重复事件无关。翻译抑制的重复基因也更有可能在转录水平受到抑制。综上所述，这些结果表明翻译介导的剂量控制部分是由自然选择贡献的，并且它在真核基因组进化过程中基因复制事件后维持基因剂量方面增强了转录控制。