A three-layered composite wipe was fabricated by laminating individual layers of non-woven polypropylene, activated carbon fabric (ACF) and aramid fabric for the sampling and investigation of chemical warfare agents (CWA)-contaminated urban porous and non-porous surfaces. The material of main ACF layer was characterized to ascertain its suitability to act as an efficient adsorbent for the surface wipe sampling. The performance of ACF-based composite wipe was determined by evaluating its extraction efficiency, wiping efficacy and adsorption capacity for the sampling of blister and nerve agent class of CWA-contaminated surfaces using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Parameters like amount of wipe required, solvent selection, amount of solvent, time of extraction etc. were optimized to achieve the maximum recovery of contaminating analytes required for the forensic investigations. Overall recoveries of contaminating analytes after sampling and extraction were found to be in the range of 45-85% for all types of surfaces. No breakthrough in wiping process was noticed up to contamination density (CD) 1.6 mg/cm2 for non-porous surface and 3.2 mg/cm2 for porous surfaces. ACF-based wipe was found capable to significantly reduce the vapour hazards from liquid sulphur mustard (HD) and sarin (GB). Contamination from surfaces could be preserved within the wipe up to 15 days for the extended forensic investigation purposes. Limit of detections (LOD) of contaminants was determined in the range of 0.8-6.8 ng/cm2 while limit of quantitation (LOQ) was achieved up to the range of 2.4-14.4 ng/cm2 for wipe sampling of different surfaces. Graphical abstract.

中文翻译：

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使用新开发的三层复合擦拭布对受化学战剂污染的表面进行采样和分析。

通过层压非织造聚丙烯，活性炭织物（ACF）和芳纶织物的各个层来制作三层复合擦拭布，以采样和研究受化学战剂（CWA）污染的城市多孔和非多孔表面。主ACF层的材料的特征在于确定其是否适合用作表面擦拭采样的有效吸附剂。通过评估其萃取效率，擦拭效果和使用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）采样CWA污染表面的水泡和神经毒剂类别的吸附能力，确定了ACF基复合擦拭巾的性能。参数如所需擦拭量，溶剂选择，溶剂量，萃取时间等。经过优化，可最大程度地回收法医调查所需的污染分析物。对于所有类型的表面，采样和提取后的污染分析物的总回收率都在45-85％的范围内。直到无孔表面的污染物密度（CD）为1.6 mg / cm2，而多孔表面的污染物密度为3.2 mg / cm2，才发现擦拭工艺没有突破。发现基于ACF的擦拭巾能够显着减少液态硫芥末（HD）和沙林（GB）的蒸气危害。为了延长法医调查的目的，可以将擦拭物表面上的污染物保存长达15天。污染物的检出限（LOD）确定在0.8-6.8 ng / cm2的范围内，而定量限（LOQ）则达到2.4-14的范围。4 ng / cm2，用于不同表面的擦拭采样。图形概要。