Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play their essential roles in regulating biological events. Their aberrant behaviors are mostly associated with pathophysiological processes. A better understanding of these processes can assuredly help us in examining the pathogenesis and progression of diseases and is beneficial for the ultimate clinical therapy. Numerous fluorescent probes have been developed in the last 5 years for detecting ROS and RNS involved in diverse pathophysiological processes, and these are summarized in this review. Optical properties of the fluorescent probes will be described, and their applications in ROS and RNS detection in pathophysiological models, including in chemical- and bacteria-triggered inflammation, drug-induced organ toxicity, specific diseases, injury of different tissues and organs, and other pathophysiological processes, will be elaborated. Finally, we judiciously highlight the achievement, limitations, and future perspectives in this field.

活性氧（ROS）和活性氮（RNS）在调节生物事件中起着至关重要的作用。它们的异常行为主要与病理生理过程有关。更好地了解这些过程可以肯定地帮助我们检查疾病的发病机理和进展，并且对于最终的临床治疗是有益的。在过去的五年中，已经开发出了许多荧光探针，用于检测参与各种病理生理过程的ROS和RNS，本文对此进行了概述。将描述荧光探针的光学特性，及其在病理生理模型中ROS和RNS检测中的应用，包括在化学和细菌触发的炎症，药物引起的器官毒性，特定疾病，不同组织和器官的损伤，以及其他病理生理过程。最后，我们明智地强调了该领域的成就，局限性和未来前景。