Personalized drug therapy aims to provide tailored treatment for individual patient. Mass spectrometry (MS) is revolutionarily involved in this area because MS is a rapid, customizable, cost‐effective, and easy to be used high‐throughput method with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. It is driving the formation of a new field, MS‐based personalized drug therapy, which currently mainly includes five subfields: therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), pharmacogenomics (PGx), pharmacomicrobiomics, pharmacoepigenomics, and immunopeptidomics. Gas chromatography‐MS (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐MS (LC‐MS) are considered as the gold standard for TDM, which can be used to optimize drug dosage. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight‐MS (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) significantly improves the capability of detecting biomacromolecule, and largely promotes the application of MS in PGx. It is becoming an indispensable tool for genotyping, which is used to discover and validate genetic biomarkers. In addition, MALDI‐TOF‐MS also plays important roles in identity of human microbiome whose diversity can explain interindividual differences of drug response. Pharmacoepigenetics is to study the role of epigenetic factors in individualized drug treatment. MS can be used to discover and validate pharmacoepigenetic markers (DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA). For the emerging cancer immunotherapy, personalized cancer vaccine has effective immunotherapeutic activity in the clinic. MS‐based immunopeptidomics can effectively discover and screen neoantigens. This article systematically reviewed MS‐based personalized drug therapy in the above mentioned five subfields. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev

中文翻译：

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基于质谱的个性化药物治疗。

个性化药物治疗旨在为个体患者提供量身定制的治疗。质谱 (MS) 是该领域的革命性方法，因为 MS 是一种快速、可定制、经济高效且易于使用的高通量方法，具有高灵敏度、特异性和准确性。它正在推动一个新领域的形成，基于MS的个性化药物治疗，目前主要包括五个子领域：治疗药物监测（TDM）、药物基因组学（PGx）、药物微生物组学、药物表观基因组学和免疫肽组学。气相色谱-MS（GC-MS）和液相色谱-MS（LC-MS）被认为是TDM的金标准，可用于优化药物剂量。基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）显着提高了检测生物大分子的能力，极大地促进了 MS 在 PGx 中的应用。它正在成为基因分型不可或缺的工具，用于发现和验证遗传生物标志物。此外，MALDI-TOF-MS 在人类微生物组的鉴定中也发挥着重要作用，其多样性可以解释药物反应的个体差异。药物表观遗传学是研究表观遗传因素在个体化药物治疗中的作用。MS 可用于发现和验证药物表观遗传标记（DNA 甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码 RNA）。对于新兴的癌症免疫疗法，个性化癌症疫苗在临床上具有有效的免疫治疗活性。基于 MS 的免疫肽组学可以有效地发现和筛选新抗原。本文系统地回顾了上述五个子领域中基于 MS 的个性化药物治疗。