Abstract Weeds are a serious threat to crop production in Iran as they reduce the yield of wheat, barley, rice, maize, and chickpea on average by 23%, 21%, 35%, 20%, and 50%, respectively. Orobanche spp., Avena ludoviciana (Durieu.), Convolvulus arvensis (L.), Sorghum halpence (L.) Pers, and Cuscuta compestris (Y.) are the most important weed species that compete with major crops in Iran. Recently, some newly introduced and invasive weeds, including Hordeum spontaneum (K. Koch.), Cynanchum acutum (L.), Physalis divaricata (L.), and Azolla filiculoides (Lam.), have become a very serious problem in a wide range of crops in different parts of Iran. Chemical control is the predominant weed management practice in Iran. In addition, mechanical weed control methods including soil tillage and hand weeding are applied to a lesser extent. 2,4-D + MCPA (in cereal crops), clodinafop-propargyl (in wheat crop), haloxyfop-r-methyl ester (in broadleaved crops), tribenuron-methyl (in wheat), nicosulfuron (in maize), trifluralin (in oil crops), metribuzin (in potato), glyphosate (in orchards and non-cultivated areas), and paraquat (in waste lands and between crop rows) are the most commonly used herbicides in Iran. There are currently 14 unique cases (species x site of action) of herbicide-resistant weeds in Iran. The most important and newly emerged challenges in Iran are to manage the present noxious and invasive weed species. Increasingly, the evolution of herbicide-resistant biotypes in wheat and other important crops would be another challenge in the future. In addition, the adoption and extension of integrated weed management strategy, addition of suitable adjuvants to herbicide tank mixture, and use of proper sprayers would remain critical challenges in weed management practices in Iran. The integration of weed control methods such as crop rotation, tillage, planting date and pattern, herbicides, and allelopathy would lead to the effective and sustainable management of weeds.

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伊朗的杂草问题、挑战和机遇

摘要 杂草是伊朗农作物生产的严重威胁，因为它们使小麦、大麦、水稻、玉米和鹰嘴豆的平均产量分别减少了 23%、21%、35%、20% 和 50%。Orobanche spp.、Avena ludoviciana (Durieu.)、Convolvulus arvensis (L.)、Sorghum halpence (L.) Pers 和 Cuscuta compestris (Y.) 是与伊朗主要作物竞争的最重要的杂草种类。最近，一些新引进的入侵杂草，包括大麦（K. Koch.）、Cynchum acutum（L.）、Physalis divaricata（L.）和Azolla filiculoides（Lam.），已经成为一个非常严重的问题。伊朗不同地区的农作物种类。化学控制是伊朗主要的杂草管理实践。此外，包括土壤耕作和手工除草在内的机械除草方法应用较少。2、4-D + MCPA（在谷类作物中）、炔草酯（在小麦作物中）、haloxyfop-r-甲酯（在阔叶作物中）、苯磺隆（在小麦中）、烟嘧磺隆（在玉米中）、氟乐灵（在油中）作物）、赛克津（马铃薯）、草甘膦（果园和非耕地）和百草枯（荒地和作物行间）是伊朗最常用的除草剂。目前，伊朗有 14 例独特的抗除草剂杂草案例（物种 x 作用部位）。伊朗最重要和新出现的挑战是管理目前的有害和入侵杂草。小麦和其他重要作物中抗除草剂生物型的进化将日益成为未来的另一个挑战。此外，综合杂草管理策略的采用和扩展，在除草剂罐混合物中添加合适的助剂以及使用合适的喷雾器仍然是伊朗杂草管理实践中的关键挑战。将轮作、耕作、种植日期和模式、除草剂和化感作用等杂草控制方法结合起来，可以实现对杂草的有效和可持续管理。