The threats of land-use intensification to biodiversity have motivated considerable research directed toward understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Functional diversity is deemed a better indicator than species diversity to clarify the BEF relationships. However, most tests of the BEF relationship have been conducted in highly controlled plant communities, with terrestrial animal communities largely unexplored. Additionally, most BEF studies examined the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions, with the effects of ecosystem functioning strength on biodiversity hardly considered. Based on a 6-yr grassland experiment in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia, we examined the variation of taxonomic diversity (TD) and functional diversity (FD) of both plant and arthropod communities, and their relations with grassland productivity, across three land management types (moderate grazing, mowing, and enclosure). We aimed to clarify the interrelations among plant FD, arthropod FD, grassland productivity, and soil factors. We found the following: (1) Grassland under mowing performed best in terms of sustaining a high TD and FD of plants and arthropods compared to that under grazing and enclosure. (2) The relationships between plant and arthropod diversity and productivity varied with management types. Plant TD and FD were negatively related, whereas arthropod FD was positively related with productivity under enclosure; plant FD, but not arthropod FD, was positively related with productivity under grazing; arthropod FD, but not plant FD, was negatively related with productivity under mowing. (3) Grassland productivity was positively interrelated with plant FD, but not plant TD; and was negatively interrelated with arthropod TD, but not arthropod FD across different management types. The respective positive vs. negative bidirectional relationships of productivity with plant diversity vs. arthropod diversity, were majorly a consequence of divergent grazing/mowing effects on plant vs. arthropod diversity. The results indicate that grazing increases plant diversity, but decreases arthropod diversity, whereas fall mowing provides a management strategy for conservation of both trophic levels. These results also provide new insights into the effects of land-use changes on biodiversity and ecosystem processes, and indicate the importance of incorporating the functional interrelations among different trophic groups in sustainable grassland management.

中文翻译：

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土地利用改变了内蒙古草原草地生产力与植物和节肢动物多样性的关系。

土地利用集约化对生物多样性的威胁促使人们开展了大量研究，旨在了解生物多样性与生态系统功能（BEF）之间的关系。为了阐明BEF关系，功能多样性被认为是比物种多样性更好的指标。但是，大多数BEF关系测试是在高度受控的植物群落中进行的，陆生动物群落在很大程度上尚未开发。此外，大多数BEF研究都检查了生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响，而几乎没有考虑生态系统功能强度对生物多样性的影响。基于内蒙古典型草原地区的6年草地实验，我们研究了植物和节肢动物群落的分类学多样性（TD）和功能多样性（FD）的变化，及其在三种土地管理类型（中度放牧，割草和围栏）中与草地生产力的关系。我们旨在阐明植物FD，节肢动物FD，草地生产力和土壤因子之间的相互关系。我们发现以下几点：（1）与维持放牧和围栏相比，割草的草地在维持植物和节肢动物的高TD和FD方面表现最佳。（2）植物与节肢动物多样性与生产力之间的关系因管理类型而异。植株的TD和FD呈负相关，而节肢动物的FD与封闭条件下的生产力呈正相关。在放牧条件下，植物FD而不是节肢动物FD与生产力成正相关。节肢动物FD，而不是植物FD，与修剪下的生产力负相关。（3）草地生产力与植物FD呈正相关，但与植物TD无关。并且与节肢动物TD呈负相关，但跨不同管理类型的节肢动物FD没有负相关。生产力与植物多样性与节肢动物多样性之间的正向和负向双向关系，主要是放牧/割草对植物与节肢动物多样性的影响的结果。结果表明，放牧增加了植物的多样性，但减少了节肢动物的多样性，而秋季割草则提供了两种营养级保护的管理策略。这些结果还提供了关于土地利用变化对生物多样性和生态系统过程的影响的新见解，